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Spinal cord regeneration deploys cell-type specific developmental and non-developmental strategies to restore neuron diversity

ABSTRACT: A major goal of spinal cord injury research is to develop a path to endogenous regeneration. This approach has been heavily informed by animal models of natural regeneration. An unresolved question is whether these models rebuild the spinal cord by exclusively accessing developmental mechanisms of neuron differentiation. To address this question, we contrasted single-cell gene expression during regeneration with stage-matched controls in the conditionally regenerative frog Xenopus tropicalis. We generated an expanded atlas of neuronal diversity, annotating several neurons in Xenopus for the first time. From this atlas, we found that the neuron composition of the developing and regenerating spinal cord differ. So do the strategies employed, which favor waves of early cell-type specific neurite projection and guidance, then later proliferative neurogenesis during regeneration. Low levels of early neurogenesis are then compensated by movement of post-mitotic neurons. Our work highlights the use of distinct developmental versus regenerative paths to heal post-injury.

ORGANISM(S): Xenopus tropicalis

PROVIDER: GSE327206 | GEO | 2026/04/11

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:Background: The efficient regenerative abilities at larvae stages followed by a non-regenerative response after metamorphosis in froglets makes Xenopus an ideal model organism to understand the cellular responses leading to spinal cord regeneration. Methods: We compared the cellular response to spinal cord injury between the regenerative and non-regenerative stages of Xenopus laevis. For this analysis, we used electron microscopy, immunofluorescence and histological staining of the extracellular matrix. We generated two transgenic lines: i) the reporter line with the zebrafish GFAP regulatory regions driving the expression of EGFP, and ii) a cell specific inducible ablation line with the same GFAP regulatory regions. In addition, we used FACS to isolate EGFP + cells for RNAseq analysis. Results: In regenerative stage animals, spinal cord regeneration triggers a rapid sealing of the injured stumps, followed by proliferation of cells lining the central canal, and formation of rosette-like structures in the ablation gap. In addition, the central canal is filled by cells with similar morphology to the cells lining the central canal, neurons, axons, and even synaptic structures. Regeneration is almost completed after 20 days post injury. In non-regenerative stage animals, mostly damaged tissue was observed, without clear closure of the stumps. The ablation gap was filled with fibroblast-like cells, and deposition of extracellular matrix components. No reconstruction of the spinal cord was observed even after 40 days post injury. Cellular markers analysis confirmed these histological differences, a transient increase of vimentin, fibronectin and collagen was detected in regenerative stages, contrary to a sustained accumulation of most of these markers, including chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans in the NR-stage. The zebrafish GFAP transgenic line was validated, and we have demonstrated that is a very reliable and new tool to study the role of neural stem progenitor cells (NSPCs). RNASeq of GFAP::EGFP cells has allowed us to clearly demonstrate that indeed these cells are NSPCs. On the contrary, the GFAP::EGFP transgene is mainly expressed in astrocytes in non-regenerative stages. During regenerative stages, spinal cord injury activates proliferation of NSPCs, and we found that are mainly fated to form neurons and glial cells. Specific ablation of these cells abolished proper regeneration, confirming that NSPCs cells are necessary for functional regeneration of the spinal cord. Conclusions: The cellular response to spinal cord injury in regenerative and non-regenerative stages is profoundly different between both stages. A key hallmark of the regenerative response is the activation of NSPCs, which massively proliferate to reconstitute the spinal cord, and are differentiated into neurons. Also very notably, no glial scar formation is observed in regenerative stages, but a transient, glial scar-like structure is formed in non-regenerative stage animals.

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Spinal cord regeneration deploys cell-type specific developmental and non-developmental strategies to restore neuron diversity

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