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In vivo engineering tumor cells to a universal ‘all-in-one’ cancer vaccine with full antigen spectrum

ABSTRACT: Cancer vaccines offer a promising strategy to initiate de novo T cell responses or enhance existing ones, either functioning independently or synergizing with T cell-modulating therapeutics to reduce tumor burden. The clinical development of cancer vaccines faces challenges such as limited antigen coverage, insufficient antigen presentation, immune suppressive microenvironment, and the availability of personalized vaccines. In this study, we developed a Universal ‘all-in-one’ Cancer cell-derived Vaccine (UniCVac) with comprehensive antigen spectrum coverage by programming tumor cells into antigen-presenting cells (APCs) through the co-delivery of CIITA, NLRC5, CD80, and IL-2. This reprogramming mimics the professional APC phenotype, providing simultaneous HLA-I and HLA-II antigen presentation, co-stimulation, and T cell proliferation signals. These tumor-derived UniCVac can directly activate both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in vitro, independent of APCs. Additionally, their co-stimulation and T cell growth-stimulating capabilities result in superior CD4+ and CD8+ T cell activation and proliferation comparable to traditional APCs, with enhanced PI3K-AKT pathways activation. Single cell transcriptome analysis confirmed the similarity in cellular subtypes between UniCVac and traditional APCs activated T cells. In mouse models, the UniCVac vaccination reprogramed the tumor microenvironment from immunosuppressive to immune-permissive, induced robust CD4+ and CD8+ T cell expansion in both preventive and therapeutic tumor models and achieved complete tumor regression in vivo. Our approach provides a platform for the development of universal cancer vaccines with full antigen spectrum coverage and the ability to directly activate both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, offering potential combinatorial opportunities with existing T cell-based immunotherapies against cancer.

ORGANISM(S): Homo sapiens

PROVIDER: GSE327399 | GEO | 2026/07/15

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:Immune evasion is an important hallmark of cancer ensured by diverse strategies, including immunosuppression and downregulation of antigen presentation. Here, to restore immunogenicity of cancer cells, we employed the minimal gene regulatory network of highly immunogenic type 1 conventional dendritic cells (cDC1) to reprogram cancer cells into professional antigen presenting cells (APCs). We showed that enforced expression of PU.1, IRF8 and BATF3 (PIB) was sufficient to induce cDC1 phenotype in 33 cell lines derived from human and mouse hematological and solid tumors. PIB gradually modified the cancer cell transcriptional and epigenetic program imposing global antigen presentation and cDC1 gene signatures within 9 days. cDC1 reprogramming restored the expression of antigen presentation complexes as well as co-stimulatory molecules at the cell surface, leading to the presentation of endogenous antigens on MHC-I, and to CD8+ T cell mediated killing. Functionally, tumor- APCs acquired the ability to uptake and process exogenous proteins and dead cells, secreted inflammatory cytokines and cross-presented antigens to naïve CD8+ T cells. Importantly, tumor-APCs were efficiently generated at the single cell level from primary cancer cells of 7 solid tumors that presented antigens to memory and naïve T-cells, as well as to activated patient-specific intra-tumoral lymphocytes. Alongside antigen presentation, tumor-APCs harboring TP53, KRAS and PTEN mutations showed impaired tumorigenicity in vitro and in vivo. Finally, using in vivo mouse models of melanoma, we showed that intra-tumoral injection of tumor-APCs promoted lymphoid infiltration, delayed tumor growth and increased survival. The anti-tumor immunity elicited by tumor-APCs was synergistic with immune checkpoint inhibitors enabling tumor eradication. Our approach combines cDC1’s antigen processing and presenting abilities with endogenous generation of tumor antigens and serves as a platform for the development of novel immunotherapies based on endowed antigen presentation in cancer cells.

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In vivo engineering tumor cells to a universal ‘all-in-one’ cancer vaccine with full antigen spectrum

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