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Gene Expression Profiles of MYC+ and MYC- mouse Germinal Center B cells

ABSTRACT: Germinal centers (GC) arise within B cell follicles upon antigenic challenge. In the dark zones (DZ) of GCs, B cells proliferate and hypermutate their immunoglobulin genes, and mutants with increased affinity are positively selected in the light zone (LZ) to either differentiate into plasma and memory cells, or re-enter the DZ for further refinement. However, the molecular circuits governing GC positive selection are not known. Here, we show that the GC reaction requires the biphasic regulation of c-MYC expression, involving its transient induction during early GC commitment, its repression by BCL6 in DZ B cells, and its re-induction in a subpopulation of positively selected LZ B cells destined to DZ re-entry. Accordingly, acute disruption of MYC function in vivo leads to GC collapse, indicating an essential role in GC physiology. These results have implications for our understanding of GC selection and the role of MYC deregulation in B cell lymphomas. We used microarrays to determine the global gene expression programs that distinguish MYC+ GC B cells from their MYC- negative counterparts.

ORGANISM(S): Mus musculus

PROVIDER: GSE38304 | GEO | 2012/09/24

SECONDARY ACCESSION(S): PRJNA167636

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Gene Expression Profiles of MYC+ and MYC- mouse Germinal Center B cells

Project description:Germinal centers (GC) arise within B cell follicles upon antigenic challenge. In the dark zones (DZ) of GCs, B cells proliferate and hypermutate their immunoglobulin genes, and mutants with increased affinity are positively selected in the light zone (LZ) to either differentiate into plasma and memory cells, or re-enter the DZ for further refinement. However, the molecular circuits governing GC positive selection are not known. Here, we show that the GC reaction requires the biphasic regulation of c-MYC expression, involving its transient induction during early GC commitment, its repression by BCL6 in DZ B cells, and its re-induction in a subpopulation of positively selected LZ B cells destined to DZ re-entry. Accordingly, acute disruption of MYC function in vivo leads to GC collapse, indicating an essential role in GC physiology. These results have implications for our understanding of GC selection and the role of MYC deregulation in B cell lymphomas. We used microarrays to determine the global gene expression programs that distinguish MYC+ GC B cells from their MYC- negative counterparts. GFPMYC+ and GFPMYC- GC B cell subpopulations were collected by Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting (FACS) from B cell enriched fractions of splenic mononuclear cell pools of GFPMYC knock-in mice (12 days after SRBC immunization). 5-20ng of total RNA (RIN>9) for each sample was used as a template for linear cDNA amplification (Ovation RNA amplification Kit, NuGen). cDNA was labeled using the Encore Biotin Labeling Kit (NuGen) and hybridized to Affymetrix Mouse 430.2 gene expression arrays.

2012-09-24 | E-GEOD-38304 | biostudies-arrayexpress

Defining AP4- and MYC-regulated gene expression programs in germinal center B cells during cyclic re-entry

Project description:B cells diversify and affinity-mature their antigen receptor repertoire in germinal centers (GC). GC B cells receive help signals during transient interaction with T cells, yet it remains unknown how these transient T-B interactions sustain the subsequent proliferative program of selected B cells. Here we show that the transcription factor AP4 is required for sustained GC B cell proliferation and subsequent establishment of a diverse and protective antibody repertoire. AP4 is induced by c-MYC during the T-B interactions and maintained by T cell-derived IL-21. B cell-specific deletion of AP4 resulted in reduced GC sizes and somatic hypermutation and a failure to control chronic viral infection. These results indicate that AP4 integrates T cell-mediated selection and sustained expansion of GC B cells for humoral immunity. Splenic B cells activated with anti-IgM and CD40L in vitro and germinal center B cells sorted from C57BL/6 mice eight days after immunization with sheep red blood cells (SRBCs) were obtained and genome-wide occupancy of c-MYC, AP4 and active histone marks was profiled by chromatin immunoprecipitation and high-throughput sequencing. Gene expression in MYCâAP4â LZ, MYC+AP4+ LZ, AP4+ DZ, and APâ DZ GC B cells from SRBC-immunized AP4-mCherry / c-MYC-GFP dual reporter mice was profiled by RNA-seq.

2016-08-23 | E-GEOD-80669 | biostudies-arrayexpress

Specialized cell state and spatial compartments within the germinal center dark zone

Project description:Within germinal centers (GCs), complex and highly orchestrated molecular programs must balance proliferation, somatic hypermutation (SHM), class switch recombination (CSR) and selection to both provide effective humoral immunity and to protect against genomic instability and neoplastic transformation. In contrast to this complexity, GC B cells are canonically divided into two principal populations, dark zone (DZ) and light zone (LZ) cells. We now demonstrate that following selection in the LZ, B cells migrate to microniches within the canonical DZ that are sites of ongoing cell division. These proliferating DZ (DZp) cells then transit into the larger DZ to become differentiating DZ (DZd) cells before re-entering the LZ. Multidimensional analysis revealed distinct molecular programs in each population commensurate with observed compartmentization of non-compatable functions. These data provide a new three cell zone model that both orders critical GC functions and reveals essential molecular programs of humoral adaptive immunity.

2020-03-31 | GSE133743 | GEO

PI3 Kinase and FOXO1 activity differentially control B cells in the germinal center light and dark zone

Project description:PI3K signaling and FOXO transcription factors play opposing roles at several B cell developmental stages. We show here abundant nuclear FOXO1 expression in the proliferative compartment of the germinal center (GC), its dark zone (DZ), and PI3K activity, downregulating FOXO1, in the GC light zone (LZ), where cells are selected for further differentiation. However, here FOXO1 is expressed in c-Myc+ cells destined for DZ reentry. Upon FOXO1 ablation by genetic means or induction of PI3K activity GCs become devoid of their DZ, due at least partly to the downregulation of the chemokine receptor CXCR4. While this is known to prevent proper cyclic selection of cells expressing high-affinity antibodies, the initiation of immunoglobulin switching is essentially dependent on FOXO1 activity. All samples were obtained from mouse germinal center (GC) B cells (Cgamma1-cre; YFP, P110*, FOXO1 f/f or PTEN f/f animals). Cells used for microarray analysis were FACS sorted cells.

2015-11-23 | E-GEOD-68043 | biostudies-arrayexpress

T cell help controls the speed of the cell cycle in germinal center B cells.

Project description:The germinal center (GC) is a microanatomical compartment wherein high-affinity antibody-producing B cells are selectively expanded. B cells proliferate and mutate their antibody genes in the dark zone (DZ) of the GC and are then selected by T cells in the light zone (LZ) on the basis of affinity. Here, we show that T cell help regulates the speed of cell cycle phase transitions and DNA replication of GC B cells. Genome sequencing and single-molecule analyses revealed that T cell help shortens S phase by regulating replication fork progression while preserving the relative order of replication origin activation. Thus, high-affinity GC B cells are selected by a mechanism that involves prolonged dwell time in the DZ where selected cells undergo accelerated cell cycles. To determine whether GC B cells receiving high levels of T cell help show a specific change in gene expression, we compared DZ cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle from αDEC-OVA and control αDEC-CS treated GCs using a fluorescent ubiquitination-based cell cycle indicator (Fucci-tg). RNA sequencing revealed that T cell-mediated selection produced an increase in gene expression programs associated with the cell cycle, metabolism, including the metabolism of nucleotides, and genes downstream of c-Myc and the E2F transcription factors.

2015-08-12 | E-GEOD-71295 | biostudies-arrayexpress

PI3 Kinase and FOXO1 activity differentially control B cells in the germinal center light and dark zone

2015-11-23 | GSE68043 | GEO

STAT3 signaling in B cells controls germinal center zone organization and recycling [RNA-seq]

Project description:Germinal centers (GCs), sites of antibody affinity maturation, are organized into dark (DZ) and light (LZ) zones. Here, we uncovered a B cell intrinsic role for STAT3 in GC DZ and LZ organization. Altered zonal organization of STAT3-deficient GCs dampened GC output of long-lived plasma cells (LL-PCs) but increased memory B cells (MBCs). Tfh-GC B cell interaction drive STAT3 tyrosine 705 and serine 727 phosphorylation in LZ B cells, facilitating their recycling into the DZ. An inducible system confirmed STAT3 is not involved in initiating or maintaining the GC but sustains GC zonal organization by regulating GC B cell recycling. RNAseq and ChIPseq analysis identified genes regulated by STAT3 that are critical for LZ cell recycling and transiting through the DZ proliferation and differentiation phases of the DZ. Thus, STAT3 signaling in B cells controls GC zone organization and recycling, and GC egress of LL-PCs, but negatively regulates MBC output.

2023-07-06 | GSE212542 | GEO

STAT3 signaling in B cells controls germinal center zone organization and recycling [ChIP-seq]

Project description:Germinal centers (GCs), sites of antibody affinity maturation, are organized into dark (DZ) and light (LZ) zones. Here, we uncovered a B cell intrinsic role for STAT3 in GC DZ and LZ organization. Altered zonal organization of STAT3-deficient GCs dampened GC output of long- lived plasma cells (LL-PCs) but increased memory B cells (MBCs). Tfh-GC B cell interaction drive STAT3 tyrosine 705 and serine 727 phosphorylation in LZ B cells, facilitating their recycling into the DZ. An inducible system confirmed STAT3 is not involved in initiating or maintaining the GC but sustains GC zonal organization by regulating GC B cell recycling. RNAseq and ChIPseq analysis identified genes regulated by STAT3 that are critical for LZ cell recycling and transiting through the DZ proliferation and differentiation phases of the DZ. Thus, STAT3 signaling in B cells controls GC zone organization and recycling, and GC egress of LL- PCs, but negatively regulates MBC output.

2023-07-06 | GSE212541 | GEO

RNA-seq profiles of germinal center B cells from spleens of wild-type and Il21r-deficient mice after immunization with NP-KLH

Project description:Humoral immune responses require germinal centres (GC) for antibody affinity maturation. Within GC, B-cell proliferation and mutation are segregated from affinity-based positive selection in the dark zone (DZ) and light zone (LZ) substructures, respectively. While IL21 is known to be important in affinity maturation and GC maintenance, here we show it is required for both establishing normal zone representation and preventing the accumulation of cells in G1 cell cycle stage in the GC LZ.

2021-09-22 | GSE184475 | GEO

Germinal Center Dark Zone harbors ATR-dependent determinants of T-cell exclusion that are also identified in aggressive lymphoma – Visium_FFPE_Spatial_Trasciptomics_project

Project description:The germinal center (GC) dark zone (DZ) and light zone (LZ) regions spatially separate expansion and diversification from selection of antigen-specific B-cells to ensure antibody affinity maturation and B cell memory. How GC polarity is established is poorly understood. This study provides novel insights into signals controlling asymmetric T-cell distribution between DZ and LZ regions. We identify spatially-resolved DNA damage response and chromatin compaction molecular features precluding DZ T-cell infiltration. The DZ spatial transcriptional signature linked to T-cell immune evasion clustered aggressive Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphomas (DLBCL) for differential T cell infiltration. We reveal the dependence of the DZ transcriptional core signature on the ATR kinase and dissect its role in restraining inflammatory responses contributing to estabslish an immune-repulsive imprint in DLBCL. These insights may guide ATR-focused treatment strategies bolstering immunotherapy in tumors marked by DZ transcriptional and chromatin-associated features.

2024-04-17 | GSE260998 | GEO

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