Chlorella ingestion and suppression of resistin gene expression in borderline diabetics: a randomized, placebo-controlled study
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ABSTRACT:
ORGANISM(S): Homo sapiens
PROVIDER: GSE41767 | GEO | 2015/10/17
SECONDARY ACCESSION(S): PRJNA178145
REPOSITORIES: GEO
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Project description:Diabetes and Arteriosclerosis progression are frequently observed in borderline Type 2 diabetes cases. Onset of complications (arteriosclerosis and renal damage) due to Type 2 diabetes is well documented; it is extremely important to prevent or delay their progression. Type 2 diabetes onset and progression has been controlled through dietary habits and exercise, although these remain insufficient. Chlorella ingestion improves blood glucose and cholesterol concentrations in mice and humans, although no reports have evaluated Chlorella effects in borderline diabetics. Therefore, we conducted a randomized, placebo-controlled trial for borderline diabetics using laboratory results and comprehensive gene analysis as outcomes. Chlorella ingestion suppressed resistin gene expression, suggesting that Chlorella may be useful for preventing diabetes onset and ameliorating arteriosclerosis. Subjects were randomly divided into two groups: Chlorella group (n = 28) ingesting Chlorella powder (8.0 g/day) and placebo group (n = 29) ingesting lactose formulation (8.0 g/day) for 12 weeks. Blood and urine were collected every 4 weeks for laboratory tests. Gene expression analysis used RNA extracted from peripheral blood samples before and after 12 weeks of Chlorella or lactose ingestion.
2015-10-17 | E-GEOD-41767 | biostudies-arrayexpress
Project description:Chlorella ingestion and suppression of resistin gene expression in borderline diabetics: a randomized, placebo-controlled study
| PRJNA178145 | ENA
Project description:Chlorella has been reported to have various physiological activities, including antiarteriosclerotic, cholesterol-lowering, anti-inflammatory, and immunoregulatory effects. However, there has been no report on the long-term effects of chlorella ingestion on immunity. In the present study, 4- to 10-week-old (young) and 4- to 50-week-old (old) female BALB/c mice were sensitized or not with ovalbumin (OVA), and given basic diet containing chlorella powder at 2% or basic diet alone. The effects of chlorella ingestion on immunity were investigated by measurement of splenic cytokines and immunoglobulin (Ig), analysis of T- and B-cells in the spleen and small intestine by flow cytometry, and analysis of the liver by DNA microarray. Results were compared between the young and old, OVA-sensitized and -nonsensitized, and chlorella and non-chlorella ingestion groups. Production of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) was maintained in the nonsensitized old groups, and ratios of T-helper type 1 (Th1) to T-helper type 2 (Th2) cells were similar in the young and old groups. In addition, overproduction of OVA-specific Igs due to OVA sensitization was strongly suppressed, and significant immunotolerance was exhibited irrespective of age. In addition, suppression of T-cell decreases in the spleen due to aging and suppression of changes in T- and B-cells due to OVA sensitization in the small intestinal lymph were demonstrated on flow cytometric analyses. On DNA microarray analysis, immune-related terms including IL11 and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class 1 were detected, and expression of genes was shown, which were related to IL1-linked genes and complex involving macrophages from the pathways of cytokines and inflammatory response. In addition, suppressions of declined lipid metabolism and energy production were also suggested. Although how the ingredients in chlorella were involved in these changes is unclear, our findings suggest that prevention of decrease in acquired immunity by aging and induction of strong immunotolerance occurred following chlorella ingestion. The Young Control group and Old Control group were fed normal food, and the Old Chlorella intake group was fed food including 2.0% Chlorella powder. The total RNA was isolated from liver and samples was pooled for each group (n = 6 for each group). A table of normalized log2 ratios (where numerator is sample expression data, and denominator is all sample median data) is linked below as a supplementary file.
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Project description:Chlorella has been reported to have various physiological activities, including antiarteriosclerotic, cholesterol-lowering, anti-inflammatory, and immunoregulatory effects. However, there has been no report on the long-term effects of chlorella ingestion on immunity. In the present study, 4- to 10-week-old (young) and 4- to 50-week-old (old) female BALB/c mice were sensitized or not with ovalbumin (OVA), and given basic diet containing chlorella powder at 2% or basic diet alone. The effects of chlorella ingestion on immunity were investigated by measurement of splenic cytokines and immunoglobulin (Ig), analysis of T- and B-cells in the spleen and small intestine by flow cytometry, and analysis of the liver by DNA microarray. Results were compared between the young and old, OVA-sensitized and -nonsensitized, and chlorella and non-chlorella ingestion groups. Production of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) was maintained in the nonsensitized old groups, and ratios of T-helper type 1 (Th1) to T-helper type 2 (Th2) cells were similar in the young and old groups. In addition, overproduction of OVA-specific Igs due to OVA sensitization was strongly suppressed, and significant immunotolerance was exhibited irrespective of age. In addition, suppression of T-cell decreases in the spleen due to aging and suppression of changes in T- and B-cells due to OVA sensitization in the small intestinal lymph were demonstrated on flow cytometric analyses. On DNA microarray analysis, immune-related terms including IL11 and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class 1 were detected, and expression of genes was shown, which were related to IL1-linked genes and complex involving macrophages from the pathways of cytokines and inflammatory response. In addition, suppressions of declined lipid metabolism and energy production were also suggested. Although how the ingredients in chlorella were involved in these changes is unclear, our findings suggest that prevention of decrease in acquired immunity by aging and induction of strong immunotolerance occurred following chlorella ingestion.
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