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Inflammation, adenoma and cancer: objective classification of colon biopsy specimens with gene expression signature

ABSTRACT: Background and Aims: Gene expression analysis of colon biopsies using high-density oligonucleotide microarray can contribute to the understanding of local pathophysiological alterations and to functional classification of precancerous adenoma, different stage colorectal carcinomas (CRC) and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Results: Significant overexpression of collagen IV, lipocalin-2, caveolin-1, calumenin genes, and significant dowregulation of aquaporin-8, amnionless homolog, prostaglandin D2 receptor genes were detected in CRC patients compared to normal. Adenoma samples were characterized by upregulated CD44 antigen, met proto-oncogene and downregulated chemokine ligand-12, ADAM-like decysin-1 and ATP-binding casette A8 discriminatory genes. In IBD samples significantly increased lipocalin-2, interferon induced transmembrane protein 1 and 3 mRNA levels, decreased zinc finger protein 91 and transient receptor potential cation channel M6 mRNA levels were found. Ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease can be distinguished according to the top five genes: cyclin-G2; tripartite motif-containing-31; TNFR shedding aminopeptidase regulator-1; C-type lectin superfamily member-14 and AMICA. 88.3-97.8% of the cases was correctly classified according to discriminatory genes. Conclusions: Our whole genomic microarray analysis of biopsy samples provides discriminative signatures, and an insight into pathophysiological background of colonic diseases. The results afford a data warehouse which can be further mined for in-depth pathway analyses. Keywords: Colon biopsy specimens in diseased and normal state

ORGANISM(S): Homo sapiens

PROVIDER: GSE4183 | GEO | 2007/10/31

SECONDARY ACCESSION(S): PRJNA95145

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:Background. Most colorectal cancers (CRC) arise in a progression through adenoma to carcinoma phenotypes as a consequence of altered genetic information. Clinical progression of CRC may occur in parallel with distinctive signaling alterations. We designed multidirectional analyses integrating microarray-based data with biostatistics and bioinformatics to elucidate the signaling and metabolic alterations underlying CRC development in the adenoma-carcinoma sequence. Methodology/Principal Findings. Studies were performed on normal mucosa, adenoma, and CRC samples obtained during surgery or colonoscopy. Collections of cryostat sections prepared from the tissue samples were evaluated by a pathologist to control the relative cell type content. RNA was isolated from 105 macro- and 40 microdissected specimens. The measurements were done using Affymetrix GeneChip HG-U133plus2, and probe set data were generated using two normalization algorithms: MAS5 and GCRMA with LVS. The data were evaluated using pair-wise comparisons and data decomposition into SVD modes. The method selected for the functional analysis used the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Based on a consensus of the results obtained by two tissue handling procedures, two normalization algorithms, and two probe set sorting criteria, we identified six KEGG signaling and metabolic pathways (cell cycle, DNA replication, p53 signaling pathway, purine metabolism, pyrimidine metabolism, and RNA polymerase) that are significantly altered in both macro- and microdissected tumor samples compared to normal colon. On the other hand, pathways altered between benign and malignant tumors were identified only in the macrodissected tissues. Conclusion/Significance. Multidirectional analyses of microarray data allow the identification of essential signaling alterations underlying CRC development. Although the proposed strategy is computationally complex and labor–intensive, it may reduce the number of false results. Gene expression profiles of 40 tissue samples representing distant full-thickness normal colon, normal colon mucosa dissected from tumor, adenoma, and carcinoma. Gene expression profiles of 105 tissue samples representing colon carcinomas, adenocarcinomas, and normal colon samples.

Project description:Study 1: Transcriptomic profiles in colon tissue from inflammatory bowel diseases patients in relation to N-nitroso compound exposure and colorectal cancer risk Study 1: N-nitroso compounds (NOC) have been suggested to play a role in human cancer development but definitive evidence is still lacking. In this study we investigated gene expression modifications induced in human colon tissue in relation to NOC exposure to gain insight in the relevance of these compounds in human colorectal cancer (CRC) development. Since there are indications that inflammation stimulates endogenous NOC formation, the study population consisted of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and irritable bowel syndrome patients as controls without inflammation. Strong transcriptomic differences were identified in colonic biopsies from IBD patients and compared to controls that enhance the understanding of IBD pathophysiology. However, fecal NOC levels were not increased in IBD patients, suggesting that inflammation did not stimulate NOC formation. By relating gene expression changes of all subjects to fecal NOC levels, we did, however, identify a NOC exposure-associated transcriptomic response that suggests that physiological NOC concentrations may induce genotoxic responses and chromatin modifications in human colon tissue, both of which are linked to carcinogenicity. In a network analysis, chromatin modifications were linked to 11 significantly modulated histone genes, pointing towards a possible epigenetic mechanism that may be relevant in comprehending the molecular basis of NOC-induced carcinogenesis. We conclude that NOC exposure is associated with gene expression modifications in the colon that may increase CRC risk in humans. Study 2: Red meat intake-induced increases in fecal water genotoxicity correlate with pro-carcinogenic gene expression changes in the human colon Study 2: Red meat consumption is associated with an increased colorectal cancer (CRC) risk, which may be due to an increased endogenous formation of genotoxic N-nitroso compounds (NOCs). To assess the impact of red meat intake on potential risk factors of CRC, we investigated the effect of a 7-day dietary red meat intervention in human subjects on endogenous NOC formation and fecal water genotoxicity in relation to transcriptomic changes induced in colonic tissue. In order to evaluate the potential effect of an inflamed colon on endogenous nitrosation, the study population consisted of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) control subjects without inflammation. The intervention had no effect on fecal NOC formation but fecal water genotoxicity significantly increased in response to red meat intake. Since IBD patients showed no difference in fecal NOC formation or fecal water genotoxicity levels as compared to IBS controls, for transcriptomic analyses, all subjects were grouped together. Genes significantly correlating with the increase in fecal water genotoxicity were involved in biological pathways indicative of genotoxic effects, including modifications in DNA damage, cell cycle, and apoptosis pathways. Moreover, WNT signaling and nucleosome remodeling pathways were modulated that are known to play a part in the carcinogenic process in the human colon. These results are in line with a possible oxidative effect of dietary heme. We conclude that the gene expression changes identified in this study corroborate the genotoxic potential of diets high in red meat and point towards a possible risk of CRC development in humans. The study investigated transcription levels in human colon biopsies obtained during a colonoscopic exam in 32 subjects suffering from either inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) or irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). IBS patients served as control patients for comparison with IBD patients (see Study 1). 12 of these patients (6 IBD and 6 IBS) also followed a 7-day diet high in red meat (300 grams/day) after which a second colonscopic exam was performed to obtain colon biopsies to investigate the effect of the red meat intervention (Study 2). For each subject, cRNA copies of mRNA isolated from the colon biopsies were labeled with one dye (Cy3) and each sample was hybridized on a separate array. One replicate per subject or before/after red meat intervention (so 44 arrays in total, i.e. 20 before patients and 12 before and after patients).

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Inflammation, adenoma and cancer: objective classification of colon biopsy specimens with gene expression signature

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