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Nasonia Tiling Microarray Experiments for Expression Profiling Sexual Development (Adult)

ABSTRACT: A key feature of Nasonia are their form of sex determination, called haplodiploidy. Females are diploid and develop from fertilized eggs, whereas males are haploid and develop parthenogenetically from unfertilized eggs. This form of sex determination is exploited by this experiment, by knowing the sex of the organisms from the earliest stages of development, so to trace the transcriptomes of sexual development of an insect. We conducted three replicates each using RNA from independent biological extractions of male and female early embryo (0-10 hrs), late embryo (18-30 hrs), 1st instar larvae, and pupae. Additional experiments were performed comparing transcription in adult males, adult females, testis and the female reproductive tract.

ORGANISM(S): Nasonia vitripennis

PROVIDER: GSE46082 | GEO | 2018/04/15

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Nasonia Tiling Microarray Experiments for Expression Profiling Sexual Development (Gonads)

Project description:A key feature of Nasonia are their form of sex determination, called haplodiploidy. Females are diploid and develop from fertilized eggs, whereas males are haploid and develop parthenogenetically from unfertilized eggs. This form of sex determination is exploited by this experiment, by knowing the sex of the organisms from the earliest stages of development, so to trace the transcriptomes of sexual development of an insect. We conducted three replicates each using RNA from independent biological extractions of male and female early embryo (0-10 hrs), late embryo (18-30 hrs), 1st instar larvae, and pupae. Additional experiments were performed comparing transcription in adult males, adult females, testis and the female reproductive tract.

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Semen of gibel carp - Distinct sperm nucleus behaviors between genotypic and temperature-dependent sex determination males are associated with replication and expression-related pathways in a gynogenetic fish

Project description:In our study, differential male nucleus events and development behaviors were revealed from the fertilized eggs in response to the sperm from males of genotypic sex determination (GSD) and temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD) in gibel carp. When the eggs of maternal fish were fertilized by the sperm from males of GSD, the fertilized egg encountered similar sexual reproduction events and behaviors. However, when the eggs of maternal fish were fertilized by the sperm from males of TSD, a typical process of gynogenesis was observed. To reveal the underlying molecular mechanism of differential sperm nucleus development behaviors in the fertilized eggs, iTRAQ-based quantitative semen proteomics were performed on three semen samples from three males of GSD and three semen samples from three males of TSD respectively.

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Differential gene expression is not required for facultative sex allocation: a transcriptome analysis of brain tissue in the parasitoid wasp Nasonia vitripennis.

Project description:Female Nasonia facultatively vary their offspring sex ratio in line with Hamilton’s theory of Local Mate Competition (LMC). A single female or “foundress” laying eggs on a patch will lay just enough sons to fertilise her daughters. As the number of “foundresses” laying eggs on a patch increases (and LMC declines) females produce increasingly male-biased sex ratios. Phenotypic studies have revealed the cues females use to estimate the level of LMC their sons will experience but our understanding of the genetics underlying sex allocation is limited. Here, we exposed females to three foundress number conditions, i.e. three LMC conditions, and allowed them to oviposit. mRNA was extracted from only the heads of these females to target the brain tissue. The subsequent RNA-seq experiment confirmed that differential gene expression is not associated with the response to sex allocation cues and that we must instead turn to the underlying neuroscience to reveal the underpinnings of this impressive behavioural plasticity.

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Whole-body transcriptomics of Nasonia vitripennis females as they respond to sex allocation cues

Project description:Linking the evolution of the phenotype to the underlying genotype is a key aim of evolutionary genetics and is crucial to our understanding of how natural selection shapes a trait. Here we consider the genetic basis of sex allocation behaviour in the parasitoid wasp Nasonia vitripennis using a transcriptomics approach. Females allocate offspring sex in line with Local Mate Competition (LMC) theory. Female-biased sex ratios are produced when one or few females lay eggs on a patch. As the number of females contributing offspring to a patch increases, less female-biased sex ratios are favoured. We contrasted the transcriptomic responses of females as they oviposit under conditions known to influence sex allocation: foundress number (a social cue) and the state of the host (parasitised or not). We found, that when females encounter other females on a patch, or assess host quality with their ovipositors, the resulting changes in sex allocation is not associated with significant changes in whole-body gene expression. We also found that the gene expression changes produced by females, as they facultatively allocate sex in response to a host cue and a social cue, are very closely correlated. We expanded the list of candidate genes associated with oviposition behaviour in Nasonia, some of which may be involved in fundamental processes underlying the ability to facultatively allocate sex, including sperm storage and utilisation.

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Project description:Metabolism in males and females is distinct. Differences are usually linked to sexual reproduction, with circulating signals (e.g. hormones) playing major roles. By contrast, sex differences prior to sexual maturity and intrinsic to individual metabolic tissues are less understood. We analyzed Drosophila melanogaster larvae and find that males store more fat than females, the opposite of the sexual dimorphism in adults. We show that metabolic differences are intrinsic to the major fat storage tissue, including many differences in the expression of metabolic genes. Our previous work identified fat storage roles for Spenito (Nito), a conserved RNA-binding protein and regulator of sex determination. Nito knockdown specifically in the fat storage tissue abolished fat differences between males and females. We further show that Nito is required for sex-specific expression of the master regulator of sex determination, Sex-lethal (Sxl). “Feminization” of fat storage cells via tissue-specific overexpression of a Sxl target gene made larvae lean, reduced the fat differences between males and females, and induced female-like metabolic gene expression. Altogether, this study supports a model in which Nito autonomously controls sexual dimorphisms and differential expression of metabolic genes in fat cells in part through its regulation of the sex determination pathway.

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Gonadal DNA methylomes of half-smooth tongue sole Cynoglossus semilaevis

Project description:Environmental sex determination (ESD) occurs in divergent, phylogenetically unrelated taxa, and in some species co-occurs with genetic sex determination (GSD) mechanisms. Although epigenetic regulation in response to environmental effects has long been proposed to be associated with ESD, a systemic analysis on epigenetic regulation of ESD is still lacking. Using half-smooth tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis) as a model – a marine fish which has both ZW chromosomal GSD and temperature-dependent ESD – we investigated the role of DNA methylation in transition from GSD to ESD by comparing gonadal DNA methylomes of parental females, parental pseudo-males, F1 females, F1 pseudo-males and normal males.

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