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Identification of Myc and Max genomic targets in mouse embryonic stem cells.

ABSTRACT: Myc is a master transcription factor that has been demonstrated to be required for embryonic stem cell (ESC) pluripotency, self-renewal, and inhibition of differentiation. Although recent works identified several Myc-targets in ESC the list of Myc binding sites is largely incomplete due to the low sensitivity and specificity of the antibodies available so far. To systematically identify Myc binding sites in mouse ESCs here we used a stringent streptavidin based genome-wide chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP-Seq) of a biotin-tagged Myc (Bio-Myc) as well as a ChIP-Seq of the Myc partner Max. This analysis identified 4273 Myc binding sites of which more than 85% co-occupied by Max, overlap with H3K4me3 positive promoters and active enhancers of transcriptional regulators, chromatin modifiers, and genes involved in stem cell self-renewing. The new sites identified were validated experimentally. This study provides a new Myc and Max binding reference in mouse ESCs.

ORGANISM(S): Mus musculus

PROVIDER: GSE48175 | GEO | 2014/03/05

SECONDARY ACCESSION(S): PRJNA209093

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Identification of Myc and Max genomic targets in mouse embryonic stem cells.

Project description:Myc is a master transcription factor that has been demonstrated to be required for embryonic stem cell (ESC) pluripotency, self-renewal, and inhibition of differentiation. Although recent works identified several Myc-targets in ESC the list of Myc binding sites is largely incomplete due to the low sensitivity and specificity of the antibodies available so far. To systematically identify Myc binding sites in mouse ESCs here we used a stringent streptavidin based genome-wide chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP-Seq) of a biotin-tagged Myc (Bio-Myc) as well as a ChIP-Seq of the Myc partner Max. This analysis identified 4273 Myc binding sites of which more than 85% co-occupied by Max, overlap with H3K4me3 positive promoters and active enhancers of transcriptional regulators, chromatin modifiers, and genes involved in stem cell self-renewing. The new sites identified were validated experimentally. This study provides a new Myc and Max binding reference in mouse ESCs. ChIP-seq of bio-Myc and Max in E14 and respective controls; Bio-Myc ChIP-seq was performed in a stable clone of E14 mouse embryonic stem cell expressing Biotin-tagged Myc; Mock, Max and IgG were performed in parental wt E14 mESC.

2014-03-05 | E-GEOD-48175 | biostudies-arrayexpress

Effect of ablation of Max gene expression on ES cells cultured under conventional or 2i/Nam condition.

2011-07-20 | GSE27881 | GEO

Effect of ablation of Max gene expression on ES cells cultured under conventional or 2i/Nam condition.

Project description:c-Myc is one of key players that are crucially involved in maintaining the undifferentiated state and the self-renewal of ESCs. To understand the mechanism by which c-Myc helps preserve these prominent characteristics of ESCs, we generated null-ES cells for the Max gene, which encodes the best characterized partner protein for all Myc family proteins. Although Myc/Max complexes have been widely regarded as crucial regulators of the ESC status, our data reveal that ESCs do not absolutely require these complexes in so-called ground state or related conditons and that this requirement is restricted to conventional ES culture conditions without using a MAPK inhibitor. Simply Dox-treated or Nanog (WT or D67G mutant)-rescued Max-null ESCs which were cultured under conventional culture condition and 2i/Nam-treated completely Max-null ES cells from which Dox-regulatable cDNA was removed were used for RNA source. Samples from Dox-untreated Max-null ESCs cultured under conventional culture condition were used as reference samples for Dox-treated cells and Nanog-rescued cells, while a sample from wild-type ESCs cultured under 2i/Nam condition was used as a reference sample for completely Max-null ES cells cultured with 2i/Nam.

2011-07-19 | E-GEOD-27881 | biostudies-arrayexpress

Max is a repressor of germ-cell-related gene expression in mouse embryonic stem cells

Project description:Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and primordial germ cells (PGCs) express many pluripotency-associated genes, but ESCs do not normally undergo conversion into PGCs. Thus, we predicted that there is a mechanism that represses PGC-related gene expression in ESCs. Here we identify genes involved in this putative mechanism, by using an ESC line with a Vasa reporter for an RNAi screen of transcription factor genes expressed in ESCs. We identify 5 genes that result in the expression of Vasa when silenced. Of these, Max is the most striking. Transcriptome analysis reveals that Max knockdown (KD) in ESCs results in selective, global derepression of germ-cell-specific genes. Max interacts with histone H3K9 methyltransferases and associates with the germ-cell-specific genes in ESCs. In addition, Max-KD results in a decrease in histone H3K9 dimethylation at their promoter regions. We propose that Max is part of a protein complex that acts as a repressor of germ-cell-related genes in ESCs.

2013-05-01 | GSE45181 | GEO

Ablation of Max expression induces meiotic onset in sexually undifferentiated germ cells

Project description:MAX (MYC Associated Factor X) is generally known as a mandatory partner for MYC transcription factor, which activates various genes involved in cell growth and metabolism. On the other hand, MAX, when interacting with MGA, forms the polycomb repressive complex (PRC) 1.6, one of the subtypes of PRC1, which directs the transcriptionally repressed chromatin state. Although physiological significance is not known at present, we have previously demonstrated that mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) bear a potential to onset meiosis, albeit not germ cells, and PRC1.6 prevent ESCs from their ectopic onset of meiosis (Suzuki et al., 2016, Nat. Commun. 7:11056 doi: 10.1038/ncomms11056). In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of Max in germ cells in vivo by performing the primordial germ cell-specific knockout of the Max gene.

2024-03-13 | GSE233556 | GEO

CUT&RUN comparing occupancy of MAX, MNT, MYC in MAX WT and KO B220+ cells

Project description:The goal of this study was to genomic occupancy of MAX, MNT, MYC and E2F1 in B cells in the presence and absence of transcription factor MAX Although MAX is regarded as an obligate dimerization partner for MYC, its function in normal development and neoplasia is poorly defined. We show that B-cell specific deletion of Max has a modest effect on B-cell development but completely abrogates E -Myc driven lymphomagenesis. While Max loss only affects a few hundred genes in normal B cells, it leads to the global downregulation of Myc-activated genes in premalignant E -Myc cells. We show that the balance between MYC-MAX and MNT-MAX interactions in B cells shifts in pre-malignant B cells towards a MYC driven transcriptional program. Moreover, we find that MAX loss leads to a significant reduction in MYC protein levels and downregulation of direct transcriptional targets, including regulators of MYC stability. This phenomenon is also observed in multiple cell lines treated with MYC-MAX dimerization inhibitors. Our work uncovers a layer of Myc autoregulation critical for lymphomagenesis yet partly dispensable for normal development.

2019-06-20 | GSE132967 | GEO

Functional interplay between c-Myc and Max in B lymphocyte differentiation

Project description:The Myc proteins (N-, L- and c-Myc) are transcription factors involved in many biological functions such as regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, metabolism and apoptosis. A large number of human cancers show enhanced expression of myc family proto-oncogenes as one of their hallmarks. These proteins contain a basic region/helix-loop-helix/leucine zipper (bHLHZip) domain that mediates DNA binding and heterodimerization with its partner Max (Myc/Max heterodimer). Among Myc proteins, c-Myc is the most widely expressed and relevant in primary B lymphocytes. Some reports have implied that c-Myc can perform some functions without Max in different cell contexts. However, the functional interplay in vivo between c-Myc and Max during B lymphocyte differentiation is not well-known. Here we show that c-Myc requires Max. However, key biological processes such as cell differentiation and DNA replication can initially progress without c-Myc/Max heterodimer in primary B lymphocytes. We found that B lymphocytes lacking Myc, Max or both showed upregulation of signalling pathways associated with the B cell receptor. Our data suggest that c-Myc/Max heterodimers are not essential for the initiation of certain biological processes in B lymphocytes. Rather, c-Myc/Max are necessary for fine-tuning the initial response in these cells after activation.

2018-08-20 | GSE115915 | GEO

Local Genomic Features Predict the Distinct and Overlapping Binding Patterns of the bHLH‐Zip Family Oncoproteins MITF and MYC‐MAX

Project description:MITF and MYC are well‐known oncoproteins and members of the basic helix‐loop‐helix leucine zipper (bHLH‐Zip) family of transcription factors (TFs) recognizing hexamer E‐box motifs. MITF and MYC not only share the core binding motif, but are also the two most highly expressed bHLH‐Zip transcription factors in melanocytes, raising the possibility that they may compete for the same binding sites in select oncogenic targets. Mechanisms determining the distinct and potentially overlapping binding modes of these critical oncoproteins remain uncharacterized. We introduce computational predictive models using local sequence features, including a boosted convolutional decision tree framework, to distinguish MITF vs. MYC‐MAX binding sites with up to 80% accuracy genome wide. Select E‐box locations that can be bound by both MITF and MYC‐MAX form a separate class of MITF binding sites characterized by differential sequence content in the flanking region, diminished interaction with SOX10, higher evolutionary conservation, and less tissue‐specific chromatin organization.

2018-12-14 | GSE115845 | GEO

MYC-associated factor X, MAX, binds BMAL1 targeted genomic regions with high affinity [ChIP-Seq]

Project description:Purpose: quantitavive RT-PCR and ChIP analyses suggested that the MYC-Associated factor X, MAX, and the essential circadian regulator, BMAL1, might be recruited on the same E-box containing regulatory regions within the promoters of clock target genes. To explore this possibility, we performed ChIP-seq experiments in human cancer MDA-MB-231 cells. Methods: Chromatin samples from human cancer MDA-MB-231 cells were immunoprecipitated with specific antibodies against BMAL1 and MAX proteins. Immunoprecipitated DNA was sequenced using Illumina HiSeq 2000 sequencer. Results: ChIP-seq analysis revealed a large number of genomic regions bound by MAX (around 13000 peaks), while BMAL1 binding was limited to about 800 regions. BMAl1 and MAX bound regions comprised both promoters and distal sites. Coherently with the circadian role of BMAL1 and its preference for E-box-containing sites, ontological annotation of BMAL1 bound regions showed a significant enrichment for circadian regulated genes and E-box motifs. The 85% of the BMAL bound sites overlapped with MAX bound regions. MAX enrichment was higher on the genomic regions co-bound by BMAL1 compared with MAX binding loci sites in which BMAL1 was not present, thus indicating that MAX/BMAL1 sites are bound by MAX with high affinity. Strikingly, MAX enrichment was observed on all E-box-containing promoters of the clock core genes.

2020-04-29 | GSE127192 | GEO

Genomic occupancy of MAX and members of the MYC network in MAX WT and MAX null preSCs (polyclonal population)

Project description:Conventional crosslinked ChIP was performed on sgCtrl (control guide RNA) and sgMax (guide RNA against Max) transduced preSCs (early stage SCLC line). We find that loss of MAX leads to decreased MAX, MYC and MNT occupancy.

2020-06-06 | GSE146385 | GEO

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