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Immunotherapy Targets in Tumors

ABSTRACT: Recent work has shown that cytotoxic T cells play a central role in immune-mediated control of cancers1-3, and monoclonal antibodies that target inhibitory receptors on T cells can induce significant clinical benefit in patients despite advanced disease4-6. However, many of the regulatory pathways that result in loss of T cell function within immunosuppressive tumors remain unknown. Here we show that such regulatory mechanisms can be systematically discovered in vivo in the tumor microenvironment. We devised a pool shRNA screening approach aimed at identifying genes that block the function of tumor-infiltrating CD8 T cells. We postulated that shRNAs targeting key inhibitors would enable robust T cell infiltration and proliferation in tumors, despite multiple inhibitory signals. Candidate shRNAs were discovered by transfer of shRNA-transduced T cells into tumor-bearing mice, followed by deep sequencing to quantify the representation of all hairpins in tumors and lymphoid organs. A subset of shRNAs induced T cell accumulation in tumors but not the spleen, demonstrating feasibility of discovering shRNAs with differential action across tissues. One of the targets was Ppp2r2d, a regulatory subunit of the family of PP2A phosphatases7. Control shRNA-transduced T cells underwent apoptosis upon recognition of melanoma cells, while Ppp2r2d shRNA-transduced T cells accumulated in tumors due to enhanced proliferation and reduced apoptosis. Ppp2r2d shRNAexpressing T cells also significantly delayed tumor growth. This in vivo approach has wide applications to dissect complex immune functions in relevant tissue microenvironments.

ORGANISM(S): Mus musculus

PROVIDER: GSE53388 | GEO | 2014/03/14

SECONDARY ACCESSION(S): PRJNA231899

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Immunotherapy Targets in Tumors

Project description:Recent work has shown that cytotoxic T cells play a central role in immune-mediated control of cancers1-3, and monoclonal antibodies that target inhibitory receptors on T cells can induce significant clinical benefit in patients despite advanced disease4-6. However, many of the regulatory pathways that result in loss of T cell function within immunosuppressive tumors remain unknown. Here we show that such regulatory mechanisms can be systematically discovered in vivo in the tumor microenvironment. We devised a pool shRNA screening approach aimed at identifying genes that block the function of tumor-infiltrating CD8 T cells. We postulated that shRNAs targeting key inhibitors would enable robust T cell infiltration and proliferation in tumors, despite multiple inhibitory signals. Candidate shRNAs were discovered by transfer of shRNA-transduced T cells into tumor-bearing mice, followed by deep sequencing to quantify the representation of all hairpins in tumors and lymphoid organs. A subset of shRNAs induced T cell accumulation in tumors but not the spleen, demonstrating feasibility of discovering shRNAs with differential action across tissues. One of the targets was Ppp2r2d, a regulatory subunit of the family of PP2A phosphatases7. Control shRNA-transduced T cells underwent apoptosis upon recognition of melanoma cells, while Ppp2r2d shRNA-transduced T cells accumulated in tumors due to enhanced proliferation and reduced apoptosis. Ppp2r2d shRNAexpressing T cells also significantly delayed tumor growth. This in vivo approach has wide applications to dissect complex immune functions in relevant tissue microenvironments. OT-I derived T cells were transduced with shRNA's and adoptively transferred to B16 tumor bearing mice. Following incubation the T cells were purified from either tumors or spleens. The shRNA's targeted either a control gene (LacZ) or one of 5 selected genes found to regulate the presence of T cells in tumors vs in spleen

2014-03-14 | E-GEOD-53388 | biostudies-arrayexpress

Effect of OVO-like 1 knockdown on global transcript expression in differentiated BeWo trophoblast cells

Project description:We had previously discovered that the transcription factor OVO-like 1 (OVOL1) was highly induced during trophoblast differentiation. In this study, we used an lentiviral shRNA strategy to decrease OVOL1 expression in BeWo trophoblast cells. Control cells were transduced with shRNAs targeting no known mammalian transcript (shCont). Following stimulation of differentiation (48h exposure to 8-bromo-cyclic adenosine monophosphate), a RNA-seq approach was used to determine global transcript differences in OVOL1-knockdown cells compared to control cells. Trophoblast cells transduced with control shRNAs were used as controls. Cells transduced with shRNAs targeting OVOL1 were used as treatment. All cells received 250 uM 8-bromo-cyclic adenosine monophosphate to stimulate differentiation. Three independent replicates of control and treatment groups were analyzed.

2015-08-01 | E-GEOD-66962 | biostudies-arrayexpress

shRNA profiling of human breast carcinoma cells expressing over 300 shRNA constructs using barcode tiling arrays - screen 1

Project description:RNAi screens via pooled short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) have recently become a powerful tool for the identification of essential genes in mammalian cells. We synthesized DNA microarrays with six overlapping 25 nt long tiling probes complementary to each unique 60 nt molecular barcode sequence associated with every shRNA expression construct.. In this part of the study pooled shRNAs were transduced into MDA-MB-231 breast carcinoma cell lines and their inhibitory effects four weeks post transduction were analyzed via microarray hybridization.

2009-12-08 | E-MEXP-2476 | biostudies-arrayexpress

shRNA profiling of human breast carcinoma cells expressing over 300 shRNA constructs using barcode tiling arrays - screens 2 and 3

2009-12-08 | E-MEXP-2477 | biostudies-arrayexpress

Effect of OVO-like 1 knockdown on global transcript expression in differentiated BeWo trophoblast cells

2015-08-01 | GSE66962 | GEO

USP7 shRNA knock-down in T-ALL cells [Jurkat_HSB2_shRNA_RNA-seq]

Project description:RNAseq analysis of USP7 shRNA KD in T-ALL cell lines. USP7 shRNAs lentivirus was generated by co-transfecting 293T cells with shRNA vectors (OriGene or Sigma). T-ALL cells were transduced with USP7 shRNA lentivirus and sorted for GFP positive cells five days after transduction or selected by puromycin.

2021-03-09 | GSE148522 | GEO

PARALLEL IN VIVO AND IN VITRO MELANOMA RNAi DROPOUT SCREENS

Project description:To identify factors preferentially necessary to drive tumor expansion we performed parallel in vitro and in vivo negative selection shRNA screens. Melanoma cells harboring shRNAs targeting several DNA Damage Response (DDR) kinases had a greater selective disadvantage in vivo than in vitro, indicating an essential contribution of these factors during tumor expansion. In growing tumors, DDR kinases were activated following hypoxia. Correspondingly, depletion or pharmacologic inhibition of DDR kinases was toxic to melanoma cells, including those that were resistant to BRAF inhibitor, and this could be enhanced by angiogenesis blockade. These results reveal that hypoxia sensitizes melanomas to targeted inhibition of the DDR and illustrate the utility of in vivo shRNA dropout screens for identification of pharmacologically tractable targets. A lentivirus-based kinome shRNA library (four pools) was used to transduce 888mel cells (MOI<0.2). After puromycin selection (1μg/ml), two reference samples were collected as controls. Next, tumor cells (5x105 per injection) were either injected s.c. into 6 NSG mice or plated into 6 independent plates (5x105) for in vitro culture. Tumors were removed from the mice and genomic DNA used to recover shRNAs by PCR amplification followed by deep sequencing. Three analyses were performed independently in parallel: (1) Tumors versus cultured cells (Log2 Fold Change < -1); (2) Tumors versus references (Log2 Fold Change < -2.5) and (3) Cultured cells versus references (Log2 Fold Change < -2.5). Genes targeted with at least 2 shRNAs in each of the analysis were considered hits with an enhanced in vivo effect.

2014-09-30 | E-GEOD-61826 | biostudies-arrayexpress

Lentiviral shRNA library screen to identify growth-related genes in malignant melanoma

Project description:Little is known about genes that promote melanoma cell growth and proliferation. siRNAs may be used to address the role of individual genesin these processes. RNAi library screens were used in the past to gain a comprehensive overview of all genes involved in cell growth, proliferation, migration and other cellular processes. A large-scale loss-of-function screen for eight different melanoma cell lines was performed using a pooled lentiviral shRNA library (GeneNet Human 50K lentiviral shRNA Library,cat#SI206B-1, System Biosciences) to identify genes relevant for melanoma cell growth and proliferation. shRNAs that lead to cell death or reduced growth of transduced melanoma cells are negatively selected and thereby underrepresented in the final cellular shRNA pool and vice versa. The shRNAs of the shRNA library (3-5 per gene) have complementary sequences to probes on the custom Affymetrix microarray HG-U133Plus2 and were analysed using this array. Well-known melanoma cell lines SK-Mel-103, A375, SK-Mel-147, SK-Mel-19, SK-Mel-28, SK-Mel-29, SK-Mel-5, WM3523cln6 were transduced with the lentiviral shRNA library and grown for 10 days under puromycin selection (day 10), control cells of respective cell lines were transduced and frozen immediately after transduction and genomic integration of shRNAs (day 0). Totel DNA was extracted and genomically integrated shRNAs were hybridized to Affymetrix microarrays (HG-U133Plus2.0 array).

2014-01-24 | E-GEOD-46675 | biostudies-arrayexpress

Expression data from Hodgkin lymphoma cell lines UHO-1 and L-1236 transduced with shRNAs against GATA-3 or non-functional control shRNAs

Project description:The transcription factor network in Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) represents a unique composition of proteins found in no other hematopoietic cell. Among these factors, an aberrant expression of the T cell transcription factor GATA-3 is observed in the B cell-derived Hodgkin and Reed/Sternberg (HRS) tumor cells. Herein, we elucidated the regulation and function of this factor in HL To obtain a more comprehensive overview of GATA-3 regulated genes in cHL cell lines, we performed a gene chip analysis comparing gene expression in GATA-3-specific shRNA-transduced L-1236 and U-HO1 cells compared to samples transduced with vectors encoding scrambled shRNAs. 12 Total samples were analyzed. Three independent samples were analyzed per condition and cell line.We generated the following pairwise comparisons using Bioconductor: shRNA Gata-3 UHO-1 < control shRNA UHO-1; shRNA Gata-3 L1236 < control shRNA L-1236. Genes with an FDR≤ 25% and a fold-change ≥ 1.5 and ≤ -1.5 were selected.

2010-07-24 | E-GEOD-22550 | biostudies-arrayexpress

Expression data from Hodgkin lymphoma cell lines UHO-1 and L-1236 transduced with shRNAs against GATA-3 or non-functional control shRNAs

2010-07-24 | GSE22550 | GEO

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