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DDM1-mediated gene body DNA methylation is associated with inducible activation of defense-related genes in Arabidopsis [expression]

ABSTRACT: Background: Plants memorize previous pathogen attacks and are ‘primed’ to produce a faster and stronger defense response, which is critical for defense against pathogens. In plants, cytosines in transposons and gene bodies are reported to be frequently methylated. Demethylation of transposons can affect disease resistance by regulating the transcription of nearby genes during defense response, but the role of gene body methylation (GBM) in defense responses remains unclear. Results: Here, we find that loss of the chromatin remodeler decrease in DNA methylation 1 (ddm1) synergistically enhances resistance to a biotrophic pathogen under mild chemical priming. DDM1 mediates gene body methylation at a subset of stress-responsive genes with distinct chromatin properties from conventional gene body methylated genes. Decreased gene body methylation in loss of ddm1 mutant is associated with hyperactivation of these gene body methylated genes. Knockout of glyoxysomal protein kinase 1 (gpk1), a hypomethylated gene in ddm1 loss of function mutant, impairs priming of defense response to pathogen infection in Arabidopsis. We also find that DDM1-mediated gene body methylation is prone to epigenetic variation among natural Arabidopsis populations, and GPK1 expression is hyperactivated in natural variants with demethylated GPK1. Conclusions: Based on our collective results, we propose that DDM1-mediated GBM provides a possible regulatory axis for plants to modulate the inducibility of the immune response.

ORGANISM(S): Arabidopsis thaliana

PROVIDER: GSE59914 | GEO | 2023/04/14

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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DDM1-mediated gene body DNA methylation is associated with inducible activation of defense-related genes in Arabidopsis [DNA methylation]

Project description:Background: Plants memorize previous pathogen attacks and are ‘primed’ to produce a faster and stronger defense response, which is critical for defense against pathogens. In plants, cytosines in transposons and gene bodies are reported to be frequently methylated. Demethylation of transposons can affect disease resistance by regulating the transcription of nearby genes during defense response, but the role of gene body methylation (GBM) in defense responses remains unclear. Results: Here, we find that loss of the chromatin remodeler decrease in DNA methylation 1 (ddm1) synergistically enhances resistance to a biotrophic pathogen under mild chemical priming. DDM1 mediates gene body methylation at a subset of stress-responsive genes with distinct chromatin properties from conventional gene body methylated genes. Decreased gene body methylation in loss of ddm1 mutant is associated with hyperactivation of these gene body methylated genes. Knockout of glyoxysomal protein kinase 1 (gpk1), a hypomethylated gene in ddm1 loss of function mutant, impairs priming of defense response to pathogen infection in Arabidopsis. We also find that DDM1-mediated gene body methylation is prone to epigenetic variation among natural Arabidopsis populations, and GPK1 expression is hyperactivated in natural variants with demethylated GPK1. Conclusions: Based on our collective results, we propose that DDM1-mediated GBM provides a possible regulatory axis for plants to modulate the inducibility of the immune response.

2023-04-14 | GSE98162 | GEO

Dynamic DNA methylation turnover in gene bodies is associated with enhanced gene expression plasticity

Project description:Background: In diverse eukaryotes, DNA methylation is deposited within the coding regions of many genes, termed gene body methylation (GbM). Whereas the role of DNA methylation on the silencing of transposons and repetitive DNA is well understood, gene body methylation is not associated with transcriptional repression, and its biological importance has remained unclear. Results: We report a newly discovered type of GbM in plants, which is under constitutive addition and removal by dynamic methylation modifiers in all cells, including the germline. Methylation at Dynamic GbM genes is removed by the DRDD demethylation pathway and added by an unknown source of de novo methylation, most likely the maintenance methyltransferase MET1. We show that the Dynamic GbM state is present at homologous genes across divergent lineages (>100 million years), indicating evolutionary conservation. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Dynamic GbM is tightly associated with the presence of a promoter/regulatory chromatin state within the gene body, in contrast to other gene body methylated genes. Lastly, we find Dynamic GbM is associated with enhanced gene expression plasticity across development and diverse physiological conditions, whereas stably methylated GbM genes exhibit reduced plasticity. Conclusions: This study proposes a new model for GbM in regulating gene expression plasticity, including a newly discovered type of GbM in which increased gene expression plasticity is associated with the activity of DNA methylation writers and erasers and the enrichment of a regulatory chromatin state. We propose that Dynamic GbM is a hallmark of genes that can navigate a greater landscape of transcriptional states by maintaining regulatory flexibility.

2023-09-09 | GSE242762 | GEO

Methyl DIP-chip from self-pollinated ddm1 mutant and ddm1 kyp double mutant

Project description:Methylation of histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9me) and small RNA are associated with constitutively silent chromatin in diverse eukaryotes including plants. In plants, silent transposons are also marked by cytosine methylation, especially at non-CpG sites. The transposon-specific non-CpG methylation in plants is controlled by small RNA and H3K9me. Although it is often assumed that small RNA directs H3K9me,　interaction between small RNA and H3K9me has not been directly shown in plants. We have previously shown that a mutation in a chromatin remodeling gene DDM1 (decrease in DNA methylation) induces a global decrease as well as local increase of cytosine methylation and accumulation of small RNA in a locus called BONSAI. Here we show that the de novo BONSAI methylation does not depend on RNAi but depends on H3K9me. Notably, in mutant of H3K9 methylase gene KRYPTONITE or H3K9me-dependent DNA methylase gene CHROMOMETHYALSE3, the ddm1-induced de novo cytosine methylation was abolished for all three contexts, CpG, CpHpG, and CpHpH. Furthermore, RNAi mutants showed strong developmental defects when combined with ddm1 mutation. Our results revealed unexpected interactions of epigenetic modifications, which could be conserved among diverse eukaryotes. comparison of DNA methylation between WT, 2G ddm1 (2 replications), 8G ddm1 (2 replications), and 8G ddm1 kyp

2011-12-25 | E-GEOD-34222 | biostudies-arrayexpress

Methyl DIP-chip from self-pollinated ddm1 mutant and ddm1 kyp double mutant

2011-12-25 | GSE34222 | GEO

Interdependence between DNA methylation and transcription

Project description:Cytosine methylation, a common form of DNA modification that antagonizes transcriptional initiation, is found at transposons and repeats in vertebrates, plants, and fungi. Here we have mapped DNA methylation in the entire Arabidopsis thaliana genome at high resolution. DNA methylation covers transposons and is present within about 20% of Arabidopsis genes. Methylation within genes is conspicuously biased away from gene ends, suggesting a dependence on RNA polymerase transit. Genic methylation is strongly influenced by transcription: moderately transcribed genes are most likely to be methylated, while genes at either extreme are least likely. Small RNAs are enriched at methylated genes, which suggests that aberrant transcription triggers genic methylation. Transcription is in turn influenced by methylation: short methylated genes are poorly expressed, and loss of methylation in the body of a gene leads to enhanced transcription. Our results indicate that genic transcription and DNA methylation are closely interwoven processes. Keywords: whole genome profiling, DNA methylation, met1-6 expression

2006-11-26 | GSE5974 | GEO

The chromatin remodeler protein DDM1 regulates early seedling growth hybrid vigor by modulating gene expression in Arabidopsis

Project description:Despite of the paramount importance of heterosis in agriculture, the molecular mechanisms underlying heterosis remain elusive. Recent studies in Arabidopsis suggested possible involvement of DNA methylation in heterosis. We tested this hypothesis genetically by crossing homozygous mutants in DNA methylation-related genes in the Columbia (Col) ecotype with homozygous mutants in the same DNA methylation-related genes in the C24 ecotype. When genes in the RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) pathway were mutated, the resultant F1 hybrids did not show appreciable loss of best parent heterosis (BPH) performances in early seedling growth. In contrast, mutations in the putative chromatin remodeling protein DECREASE OF DNA METHYLATION 1 (DDM1) caused ddm1-Col like growth pattern of ddm1-F1 hybrids, a mid-parent heterosis (MPH) performance. To understand the underlying molecular mechanisms, we compared the transcriptomes of the parental plants and reciprocal F1 hybrids in the wild type and ddm1 mutant backgrounds, and identified 183 non-additively expressed (NAE) genes, which were functionally enriched in defense response, a group of genes negatively associated with plant size. Interestingly, for the expression levels of the NAE genes, WT-F1 hybrids were enriched in the Golden Ration between mid-parent values (MPVs) and Col parents in WT, but ddm1-F1 hybrids were comparable to ddm1-Col parent in ddm1 mutant, which explained the MPH performance of ddm1-F1 hybrids. DNA methylation analyses revealed only one third of the NAE genes with highly methylated promoters whose expression is negatively associated with DNA methylation of promoters, strongly suggesting that DDM1 regulates heterosis by multiple epigenetic modifications.

2016-11-07 | GSE74551 | GEO

Non-CG methylation is more potent than CG methylation in moss genome regulation [Ppatens RNA-Seq]

Project description:Cytosine methylation is commonly targeted to symmetrical CG sites, as well as to non-CGs, such as the symmetrical-CHG and asymmetric-CHH sites in plants (H= A, C or T). Thus far, depletion of CG methylation in plants was associated with ample transcriptional activation of transposons. Here, we profiled transcription in various context specific methylation mutants in the early-diverged plant, Physcomitrella patens. We discovered that specific elimination of CG methylation is fully complemented by non-CG methylation but not vice versa. Between the symmetrically-methylated sites, CHG methylation silenced transposons stronger than CG methylation did. Finally, non-CG methylation revealed as crucial for the silencing of CG depleted transposons. Our results suggest that non-CG methylation evolved to silence transposons due to functional limitations and/or rapid mutability of methylated-CGs.

2020-12-30 | GSE142053 | GEO

Non-CG methylation is more potent than CG methylation in moss genome regulation [Athaliana RNA-Seq]

2020-12-30 | GSE142052 | GEO

Non-CG methylation is more potent than CG methylation in moss genome regulation [Ppatens BS-Seq]

2020-12-30 | GSE142051 | GEO

DNA methylation in Arabidopsis thaliana

Project description:DNA methylation in wild type bolting plants, wild type seedlings, and ddm1 seedlings. The purpose of the McrBC methylation microarray assay is to determine which regions of a genome are methylated versus those that are unmethylated in a single Arabidopsis thanliana genotype. McrBC is a methylation-sensitive enzyme that restricts DNA only at purine-Cmethyl half sites when separated between 50bp and 3kb. A designated amount of DNA from a particular genotype is sheared to a size range of 1kb-10kb using nebulization. We restrict half of the nebulized DNA with McrBC, and the methylated fraction is then removed from the unmethylated fraction through gel purification of DNA fragments greater than 1kb.* The remaining nebulized DNA is subjected to the same gel purification scheme, but with no McrBC treatment. In a single hybridization, the untreated sample is labeled with Cy5 and the McrBC-treated sample with Cy3. Thus, after labeling and microarray hybridization, the ratio of normalized Cy5 to normalized Cy3 represents the relative methylation at the sequence represented by the spot on the microarray. Dye swap analysis is carried out to take account of experimental variation by repeating the hybridization with identical samples labeled with Cy3 and Cy5, respectively. This SuperSeries is composed of the following subset Series: GSE1329: DNA methylation in wild-type bolting Arabidopsis thaliana plants GSE1330: DNA methylation in ddm1 seedling Arabidopsis thaliana plants GSE1331: VC133+137, DNA methylation in ddm1 seedling Arabidopsis thaliana plants GSE1332: VC134+136, DNA methylation in wild-type seedling Arabidopsis thaliana plants Refer to individual Series

2010-06-09 | E-GEOD-1355 | biostudies-arrayexpress

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