Project description:Since the first human conceived through in vitro fertilisation in 1978, over 8 million babies have been born by assisted reproductive technologies (ART). Although most ART babies and children seem healthy, in recent years, several human and animal model studies have evidenced a potential impact of ART on long-term development. However, the long-term follow-up data in this field is still limited. Till now, studies are mainly focused on techniques such as in vitro fertilisation or in vitro culture, being the information from gametes/embryos cryopreservation field practically missing. Herein, we have developed an animal model to determine whether vitrified-thawed embryo transfer procedure has long-term consequences over the offspring. The birth weight, growth performance and adult body weight of the rabbits derived from vitrified-thawed embryos was compared with that of the naturally-conceived animals. In adulthood, the liver, heart, kidneys, spleen, lungs, gonads and adrenal glands of the males were weighed and compared. Moreover, some haematological and biochemical parameters were assessed on peripheral blood. Besides, some liver samples were obtained to perform a comparative proteomic study. The embryo vitrification-transfer process modified the birth weight and the growth pattern of the offspring, reducing the growth performance in a sex-specific manner. In adulthood, animals derived from vitrified embryos showed a significantly lower body, liver and heart weight. Molecular analyses revealed that vitrified-thawed embryo transfer procedure triggers concordant reprogramming of the liver proteome. The most relevant metabolic alteration denoted by the protein profile was that related to the oxidative phosphorylation, suggesting an impaired oxidative metabolism in the mitochondria. Furthermore, hints of dysregulation in the zinc and lipid metabolism were identified. These results evidence long-term consequences in the offspring derived from cryopreserved-transferred embryos and represented an evident example of the phenotypic plasticity exhibited by the mammalian embryo.

Project description:Microbes are responsible for cycling carbon (C) through soils, and predicted changes in soil C stocks under climate change are highly sensitive to shifts in the mechanisms assumed to control the microbial physiological response to warming. Two mecha-nisms have been suggested to explain the long-term warming impact on microbial physiology: microbial thermal acclimation and changes in the quantity and quality of substrates available for microbial metabolism. Yet studies disentangling these two mechanisms are lacking. To resolve the drivers of changes in microbial physiology in response to long-term warming, we sampled soils from 13- and 28-year- old soil warming experiments in different seasons. We performed short-term laboratory incubations across a range of temperatures to measure the relationships between temperature sensitivity of physiology (growth, respiration, carbon use efficiency, and extracellular enzyme activity) and the chemical composition of soil organic matter. We observed apparent thermal acclimation of microbial respiration, but only in sum-mer, when warming had exacerbated the seasonally-induced, already small dissolved organic matter pools. Irrespective of warming, greater quantity and quality of soil carbon increased the extracellular enzymatic pool and its temperature sensitivity. We propose that fresh litter input into the system seasonally cancels apparent thermal acclimation of C-cycling processes to decadal warming. Our findings reveal that long-term warming has indirectly affected microbial physiology via reduced C availability in this system, implying that earth system models including these negative feedbacks may be best suited to describe long-term warming effects on these soils. Citation: Domeignoz-Horta LA, Pold G, Erb H, Sebag D, Verrecchia E, Northen T, Louie K, Eloe-Fadrosh E, Pennacchio C, Knorr MA, Frey SD, Melillo JM, DeAngelis KM. Substrate availability and not thermal acclimation controls microbial temperature sensitivity response to long-term warming. Glob Chang Biol. 2023 Mar;29(6):1574-1590. doi: 10.1111/gcb.16544. The work (proposal:https://doi.org/10.46936/10.25585/60001340) conducted by the U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute (https://ror.org/04xm1d337), a DOE Office of Science User Facility, is supported by the Office of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy operated under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231.

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The Safety and Performance of a Novel Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Device in a Long-term Ovine Model

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