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Comprehensive transcriptome sequencing of Tanaidacea with proteomic evidences for their silk

ABSTRACT: Tanaidaceans are small benthic crustaceans that mainly inhabit diverse marine environments, and they comprise one of the most diverse and abundant macrofaunal groups in the deep sea. Tanaidacea is one of the most thread-dependent taxa in the Crustacea, constructing tube spun with their silk for shelter. In this work, we sequenced and assembled the comprehensive transcriptome of 23 tanaidaceans encompassing 14 families and 4 superfamilies of Tanaidacea, and performed silk proteomics of Zeuxo ezoensis to search for its silk genes. As a result, we identified two families of silk proteins, that are conserved across the four superfamilies. Long and repetitive nature of these silk genes resemble that of other silk-producing organisms, and the two families of proteins were similar in composition to silkworm and caddisform fibroins, respectively. Moreover, the amino acid composition of the repetitive motifs of tanaidid silk tended to be more hydrophilic, and therefore could be a useful resource to study their unique adaptation of silk use in marine environment. The availability of comprehensive transcriptome data in these taxa coupled with the proteomics evidence for their silk genes would facilitate the evolutionary and ecological studies.

ORGANISM(S): Zeuxo Ezoensis Cellular Organisms

SUBMITTER: Kazuharu Arakawa

PROVIDER: PXD024972 | JPOST Repository | Fri Nov 26 00:00:00 GMT 2021

REPOSITORIES: jPOST

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Project description:Spiders are a highly diverse group of arthropods that occur in most habitats on land. Notably, spiders have significant ecological impact as predators because of their extraordinary prey capture adaptations, venom and silk. Spider venom is among the most heterogeneous animal venoms and has pharmacological applications, while spider silk is characterized by great toughness with potential for biomaterial application. We describe the genome sequences of two spiders representing two major taxonomic groups, the social velvet spider Stegodyphus mimosarum (Araneomorphae), and the Brazilian white-knee tarantula Acanthoscurria geniculata (Mygalomorphae). We annotate genes using a combination of transcriptomic and in-depth proteomic analyses. The genomes are large (2.6 Gb and 6 Gb, respectively) with short exons and long introns and approximately 50% repeats, reminiscent of typical mammalian genomes. Phylogenetic analyses show that spiders and ticks are sister groups outgrouped by mites, and phylogenetic dating using a molecular clock dates separation of velvet spider and tarantula at 270 my. Based on the genomes and proteomes, we characterize the genetic basis of venom and silk production of both species in detail. Venom protein composition differs markedly between the two spiders, with lipases as the most abundant protein in the velvet spider and present only at low concentration in tarantula. Venom in both spiders contains proteolytic enzymes, and our analyses suggest that these enzymes target and process precursor peptides that subsequently mediate the toxic effects of venom. Complete analysis of silk genes reveal a diverse suite of silk proteins in the velvet spider including novel types of spidroins, and dynamic evolution of major ampullate spidroin genes, whereas silk protein diversity in tarantula is far less complex. The difference in silk proteins between species is consistent with a more complex silk gland morpholgy and use of three-dimentional capture webs consisting of multiple silk types in aranomorph spiders.

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Comprehensive transcriptome sequencing of Tanaidacea with proteomic evidences for their silk

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