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TOC Phospho-Regulation by the RAF-like Kinase CTR1 is Essential for Chloroplast Biogenesis

ABSTRACT: Chloroplast biogenesis, essential for photosynthesis, depends on the import of nuclear-encoded proteins through TOC (Translocon at the Outer Envelope of Chloroplasts) complexes. Despite its significance, the mechanisms regulating this process remain largely elusive. We identify CTR1 (Constitutive Triple Response 1), a RAF-like kinase known for its role in ethylene signaling, as a key regulator of Toc33, a core TOC component. CTR1 phosphorylates and stabilizes Toc33 by preventing its ubiquitination and degradation independently of the ethylene signaling pathway. Disruption of Toc33 phosphorylation impairs its stability and photosynthetic protein import, which consequently affects chloroplast structural integrity and biogenesis. Our findings underscore the essential role of CTR1-mediated TOC phosphorylation in chloroplast biogenesis, revealing an unexpected link between an ethylene signaling component and organelle development.

ORGANISM(S): Arabidopsis Thaliana (mouse-ear Cress)

SUBMITTER: Gyeong Mee Yoon

PROVIDER: PXD059681 | JPOST Repository | Tue Jan 13 00:00:00 GMT 2026

REPOSITORIES: jPOST

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			Action	DRS
	TOC33-Only.raw	Raw
	TOC33-and-CTR1.raw	Raw
	phosphosite_analysis.xlsx	Xlsx

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