Project description:Proteins were extracted from forty 2-cell-embryos each from Surface, Pachon, and Molino cavefish in six biological replicates using a Lipid Extraction Kit (ab211044) and 1.5ml BioMasher II Micro Tissue Homogenizers (749625-0010) according to manufacture protocols. Briefly, embryos were homogenized in 500ul Extraction Buffer on ice for one minute, then incubated at room temperature for 20 minutes at 1000g. After centrifugation at 10,000g for 5 minutes at 4C, pellets as non-polar coproduct was saved for proteomic analysis. Three biological replicate pellets were resuspended in 100ul of 8M Urea with 100mM of Tris, pH8.5 and reduced with 5mM tris(2-carboxyethyl) phosphine (TCEP) and alkylated with 10mM 2-chloroacetamide (CAM) for 30 minutes protected from light at room temperature. Endoproteinase Lys-C (Promega) was added at 1:1000 w/w at 37C overnight. The reactions were diluted to 2M Urea by adding 100mM of Tris, pH8.5, then Trypsin (Promega Gold) was added at 1:200 w/w at 37C overnight. The digested samples were centrifuged at 16,000g for 30 minutes and transferred supernatant to new tubes. All samples were cleaned up by Pierce Peptide Desalting Spin Columns (89851) before a colorimetric peptide assay (Pierce).
To each of the TMT10plex (Thermo Fisher, 90110) 0.8mg vials, 20 ul of anhydrous acetonitrile were added, then mixed with 30ug peptides and incubated 1 hr at RT. The differentially labeled samples (40ul each) were combined, and the resulting volume was reduced using a SpeedVac (Savant) to less than 10ul. The dried TMT-labeled peptide mixture was resuspended in 300ul of 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). One high pH fractionation cartridge (Pierce, cat. 84868) was placed on a new 2.0ml sample tube and 300ul of the TMT-labeled peptide mixture were loaded onto the column. A total of 8 HpH RP fractions were collected by sequential elution in new sample tubes using 300ul of 10%, 12.5%, 15%, 17.5%, 20%, 22.5%, 25% and 50% acetonitrile in 0.1% TFA. The solvents were evaporated to dryness using vacuum centrifugation. Dried samples were resolubilized in 44ul of buffer A (5% acetonitrile in 0.1% formic acid, FA) before LC-MS analysis.
TMT-labeled peptides were analyzed on Orbitrap Eclipse Tribrid Mass Spectrometer (Thermo Scientific), equipped with a Nanospray Flex Ion Source, and coupled to a Vanquish Neo System. Peptides (22ul for each HpH RP fraction) were loaded on an Acclaim PepMap 100 C18 trap cartridge (0.3mm inner diameter (i.d.), 5mm length; Thermo Fisher Scientific) with the Neo loading pump at 2ul/minute via the autosampler.
A 75um i.d. analytical microcapillary column was packed in-house with 25mm of 1.9um ReproSil-Pur C18-AQ resin (Dr. Masch). AgileSLEEVE (Analytical Sales & Products) was used to maintain column temperature at 40C. The organic solvent solutions were water:acetonitrile:formic acid at 95:5:0.1 (volume ratio) for buffer A (pH 2.6) and 20:80:0.1 (volume ratio) for buffer B. The chromatography gradient was a 5 minutes column equilibration step in 1% B; a 74 minutes ramp to reach 30% B; 20 minutes from 30% to 60% B; 3 minutes to reach 90% B; a 10 minutes wash at 90% B; 0.1 minutes to 1% B; followed by a 12 minutes column re-equilibration step in 1% B. The Neo pump flow rate was set to 0.180ul/minute.
The Orbitrap Eclipse was set up to run the TMTpro-SPS-MS3 method. Briefly, peptides were scanned from 400-1600 m/z in the Orbitrap at 120,000 resolving power before MS2 fragmentation by CID at 35% NCE and detection in the ion trap set to turbo detection. Dynamic exclusion was enabled for 45s. Carbamidomethyl (57.0215 Da on Cys) and TMT10plex (229.163 Da on Kn) were searched statically, while methionine oxidation (15.9949 Da) was searched as a variable modification. Synchronous precursor scanning (SPS) selected the top 10 MS2 peptides for TMT reporter ion detection in the Orbitrap using HCD fragmentation at 65% NCE at 50,000 resolving power.
The LC/MSn dataset was processed using Proteome Discoverer 3.1 (Thermo Fisher Scientific). MS/MS spectra were searched against a mexicanus protein database (NCBI 2022-07) complemented with common contaminants. SEQUEST-HT implemented through Proteome Discoverer was set up as: precursor ion mass tolerance 10 ppm, fragment mass tolerance 0.6 Dalton, up to two missed cleavage sites, static modification of cysteine (+57.021 Da), and lysine and peptide N-termini with TMT tag (+229.163 Da) and dynamic oxidation of methionine (+15.995 Da). Results were filtered to a 1% FDR at peptides levels using Percolator through Proteome Discoverer. MS3 spectra were processed to extract intensity for each reporter ion. Proteins were quantified by summing reporter ion intensities across all matching PSMs. Differentially enriched proteins were identified using ANOVA.
Project description:Characterizing new drugs and chemical probes of biological systems is hindered by difficulties in identifying the mechanism of action (MOA) of biologically active molecules. Here we present a metabolite suppression approach to explore the MOA of antibacterial compounds under nutrient restriction. We assembled an array of metabolites that can be screened for suppressors of inhibitory molecules. Further, we identified inhibitors of Escherichia coli growth under nutrient limitation and charted their interactions with our metabolite array. This strategy led to the discovery and characterization of three new antibacterial compounds, MAC168425, MAC173979 and MAC13772. We showed that MAC168425 interferes with glycine metabolism, MAC173979 is a time-dependent inhibitor of p-aminobenzoic acid biosynthesis and MAC13772 inhibits biotin biosynthesis. We conclude that metabolite suppression profiling is an effective approach to focus MOA studies on compounds impairing metabolic capabilities. Such bioactives can serve as chemical probes of bacterial physiology and as leads for antibacterial drug development.
Project description:The steady increase in global ocean temperature will most likely lead to nutrient limitation in the photic zone. This will impact the physiology of marine algae, including the globally important calcifying coccolithophores. Understanding their adaptive patterns is essential for modelling carbon production in a low-nutrient ocean. We investigated the physiology of Helicosphaera carteri, a representative of the abundant but under-investigated flagellated functional group of coccolithophores. Two strains isolated from contrasting nutrient regimes (South Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea) were grown in phosphorus-replete and phosphorus-limited batch cultures. While growing exponentially in a phosphorus-replete medium, the Mediterranean strain exhibited on average 24% lower growth rate, 36% larger coccosphere volume and 21% lower particulate inorganic carbon (PIC) production than the Atlantic strain. Under phosphorus limitation, the same strain was capable of reaching a 2.6 times higher cell density than the Atlantic strain due to lower phosphorus requirements. These results suggest that local physiological adaptation can define the performance of this species under nutrient limitation.
Project description:This project is about the proteome of V. natriegens ATCC14048 under various nutrient conditions (the organism at right side was mislabeled as E. coli)
Project description:This project is about the proteome of E. coli NCM3722 under various nutrient conditions. Note that the organism name was mislabeled as O157.
Project description:Colonization of the human nose by Staphylococcus aureus in one-third of the population represents a major risk factor for invasive infections. The basis for adaptation of S. aureus to this specific habitat and reasons for the human predisposition to become colonized have remained largely unknown. Human nasal secretions were analyzed by metabolomics and found to contain potential nutrients in rather low amounts. No significant differences were found between S. aureus carriers and non-carriers, indicating that carriage is not associated with individual differences in nutrient supply. A synthetic nasal medium (SNM3) was composed based on the metabolomics data that permits consistent growth of S. aureus isolates. Key genes were expressed in SNM3 in a similar way as in the human nose, indicating that SNM3 represents a suitable surrogate environment for in vitro simulation studies. While the majority of S. aureus strains grew well in SNM3, most of the tested coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) had major problems to multiply in SNM3 supporting the notion that CoNS are less well adapted to the nose and colonize preferentially the human skin. Global gene expression analysis revealed that, during growth in SNM3, S. aureus depends heavily on de novo synthesis of methionine. Accordingly, the methionine-biosynthesis enzyme cysteine-γ-synthase (MetI) was indispensable for growth in SNM3, and the MetI inhibitor DL-propargylglycine inhibited S. aureus growth in SNM3 but not in the presence of methionine. Of note, metI was strongly up-regulated by S. aureus in human noses, and metI mutants were strongly abrogated in their capacity to colonize the noses of cotton rats. These findings indicate that the methionine biosynthetic pathway may include promising antimicrobial targets that have previously remained unrecognized. Hence, exploring the environmental conditions facultative pathogens are exposed to during colonization can be useful for understanding niche adaptation and identifying targets for new antimicrobial strategies.
Project description:Intracellular protein degradation is an essential process in all life domains. While in all eukaryotes regulated protein degradation involves ubiquitin tagging and the 26S-proteasome, bacterial prokaryotic ubiquitin-like protein (Pup) tagging and proteasomes are conserved only in species belonging to the phyla Actinobacteria and Nitrospira. In Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the Pup-proteasome system (PPS) is important for virulence, yet its physiological role in non-pathogenic species has remained an enigma. We now report, using Mycobacterium smegmatis as a model organism, that the PPS is essential for survival under starvation. Upon nitrogen limitation, PPS activity is induced, leading to accelerated tagging and degradation of many cytoplasmic proteins. We suggest a model in which the PPS functions to recycle amino acids under nitrogen starvation, thereby enabling the cell to maintain basal metabolic activities. We also find that the PPS auto-regulates its own activity via pupylation and degradation of its components in a manner that promotes the oscillatory expression of PPS components. As such, the destructive activity of the PPS is carefully balanced to maintain cellular functions during starvation.
Project description:Leaf nutrient resorption is an important mechanism in adapting to adverse environments. However, few studies examine how nutrient resorption responds to phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) fertilization or to a shift in nutrient limitation due to water supply and fertilization. On the Loess Plateau of China, we treated lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) with P, K, or combined P and K fertilizer and three levels of water supply. The resorption efficiency of leaf P (PRE) and K (KRE) decreased with increasing water supply, whereas that of N (NRE) was unaffected. The water supply regulated the effects of P and K fertilization on resorption efficiency. With low water, P fertilization reduced NRE and significantly increased KRE. Potassium fertilization did not affect KRE and NRE, whereas PRE was significantly affected. NRE increased with increasing green leaf N:K ratio, whereas KRE and PRE decreased with increasing K:P and N:P ratios, respectively. Water supply significantly increased soil nutrient availability interactively with P or K fertilization, leading to a shift in relative nutrient limitation, which was essential in regulating nutrient resorption. Thus, lucerne growth was not limited by K but by P or by P and N, which P fertilization and water supply ameliorated.