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PFKFB3 activates CAD to enhance de novo pyrimidine synthesis for cell growth

ABSTRACT:

Aerobic glycolysis, termed the Warburg effect, is one of the aberrant metabolic pathways in highly proliferating cells. Glycolysis provides glycolytic metabolites to support the generation of biomass, such as nucleotides, amino acids, and lipids. To date, research on the direct interactions between glycolysis and other metabolic pathways is an emerging field that has garnered significant interest. Phosphofructokinase-2/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase 3 (PFKFB3) activates glycolysis by synthesizing fructose-2,6-bisphosphate (F2,6BP), which allosterically activates the rate-limiting enzyme 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase (PFK-1). In this study, we found that PFKFB3 directly interacts with and regulates the phosphorylation of carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase 2, aspartate transcarbamylase, and dihydroorotase (CAD), the enzyme catalyzing the first three steps of de novo pyrimidine synthesis. PFKFB3 inactivation reduced de novo pyrimidine synthesis, RNA and DNA production, and growth of cancer cells. Thus, the glycolytic activator PFKFB3 bridges glycolysis with pyrimidine synthesis, unites both glucose metabolism and nucleic acid metabolism, and contributes to cell proliferation under pathological conditions.

INSTRUMENT(S): Diode array detection MS -

PROVIDER: MTBLS12688 | MetaboLights | 2025-07-08

REPOSITORIES: MetaboLights

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			Action	DRS
	a_MTBLS12688_LC-DAD___metabolite_profiling.txt	Txt
	i_Investigation.txt	Txt
	m_MTBLS12688_LC-DAD___metabolite_profiling_v2_maf.tsv	Tabular
	s_MTBLS12688.txt	Txt

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PFKFB3 activates CAD to enhance de novo pyrimidine synthesis for cell growth

Project description:Aerobic glycolysis, which is also termed the Warburg effect, is one of the aberrant metabolic pathways in highly proliferating cells. Glycolysis provides glycolytic metabolites to support the generation of biomass, such as nucleotides, amino acids, and lipids. To date, no studies have explored interrelationships between glycolysis and other metabolic pathways. Phosphofructokinase-2/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase 3 (PFKFB3) activates glycolysis by synthesizing fructose-2,6-bisphosphate (F2,6BP), which allosterically activates the rate-limiting enzyme 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase (PFK-1). In this study, we found that PFKFB3 directly interacts with and regulates the phosphorylation of carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase 2, aspartate transcarbamylase, and dihydroorotase (CAD), the enzyme catalyzing the first three steps of de novo pyrimidine synthesis. PFKFB3 inactivation reduced de novo pyrimidine synthesis, RNA and DNA production, and the growth of cancer and proliferative cells. Thus, the glycolytic activator PFKFB3 bridges glycolysis with pyrimidine synthesis, unites both glucose metabolism and nucleic acid metabolism, and contributes to cell proliferation under both physiological and pathological conditions.

2025-06-16 | PXD048755 | Pride

Gene expression data of PFKFB3 KD in SMMC7721 cell line

Project description:Overexpression of 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-biphosphatase 3 (PFKFB3), a key molecule of glucose metabolism in cytoplasm, was found in various tumors. Emerging evidence suggested that PFKFB3 also located in nucleus and shown regulatory functions other than glycolysis. In this study, we found that PFKFB3 expression is associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) growth and mainly located in the nucleus of tumor cells. PFKFB3 overexpression was associated with large tumor size, and poor survival of patients with HCC. Knockdown of PFKFB3 inhibited HCC growth, not only by reducing glucose consuming but also damaging DNA repair function leading to G2/M phase arrest and apoptosis. Therefore, we performed a cDNA microarray in PFKFB3 knockdown SMMC7721 cells.

2018-03-01 | GSE106603 | GEO

PFKFB3-mediated glycolysis boosts fibroblast activation and subsequent kidney fibrosis

Project description:<p>Renal fibrosis, a hallmark of chronic kidney diseases, is driven by the activation of renal fibroblasts. Recent studies have highlighted the role of glycolysis in this process. Nevertheless, one critical glycolytic activator, 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase 3 (PFKFB3), remains unexplored in renal fibrosis. Upon reanalyzing the single-cell sequencing data from Dr. Humphreys' lab, we noticed an upregulation of glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and TGFβ signaling pathway in myofibroblasts from fibrotic kidneys after unilateral ureter obstruction (UUO) or kidney ischemia/reperfusion. Furthermore, our experiments showed significant induction of PFKFB3 in mouse kidneys following UUO or kidney ischemia/reperfusion. To delve deeper into the role of PFKFB3, we generated mice with Pfkfb3 deficiency specifically in myofibroblasts (Pfkfb3f/fPostnMCM). Following UUO or kidney ischemia/reperfusion, a substantial decrease of fibrosis in injured kidneys of Pfkfb3f/fPostnMCM mice was identified compared to their wild-type littermates. Additionally, in cultured renal fibroblast NRK-49F cells, PFKFB3 was elevated upon exposure to TGFβ1, accompanied by the increase of α-SMA and fibronectin. Notably, this upregulation was significantly diminished with PFKFB3 knockdown, correlated with a glycolysis suppression. Mechanistically, the glycolytic metabolite lactate promoted the fibrotic activation of NRK-49F. In conclusion, our study demonstrates the critical role of PFKFB3 in driving fibroblast activation and subsequent renal fibrosis.</p>

2024-03-12 | MTBLS8281 | MetaboLights

PFKFB3 inhibits fructose metabolism in pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells

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Reconstituted Rela-/- MEF

Project description:Protein deamidation is emerging as a post-translational modification that regulates protein function. The general role of protein deamidation is emerging asn fundamental to biological processes, yet remains is poorly understood. Here, we report that the rate-limiting enzyme of pyrimidine synthesis, a trifunctional enzyme containing activity of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase, aspartyl transcarbamoylase and dihydroorotase (CAD), deamidates the RelA subunit to inactivate NF-κB and promote glycolysis. Functional screening and identified CAD as a negative regulator of NF-κB activation, and biochemical analysis demonstrated that CAD deamidatesd RelA in vitro and in cellsto negate NF-κB activation. D eamidated RelA, though failed to activate the expression of NF-κB-dependent genes, thoughbut it up-regulated that of key glycolytic enzymes to promote glycolysis and cell proliferation. In proliferating cells, CAD is activated and catalyzes de novo pyrimidine synthesis to meet the metabolic need during S phase. CAD-mediated RelA deamidation and NF-κB inactivation and glycolytic gene expression paralleled in a cell cycle-dependent mannerdriven by CAD-mediated RelA deamidation are necessary for cell proliferation. In addition, CAD promoted glycolysis via deamidated RelA that up-regulated the expression of key glycolytic enzymes. Stratification of cancer cell lines by CAD-mediated RelA deamidation predicted their sensitivity to inhibitors of glycolytic enzymes, while a subset of mutations predisposed RelA to deamidation and promoted glycolysis to enable cell proliferation. This work describes a process of metabolic reprogramming enabled by CAD-mediated RelA deamidation that underpins cell proliferation and tumorigenesis.

2019-11-01 | GSE132871 | GEO

RelA mutants 'reconstituted' and cell cycle synchronized HCT116 Colorectal Cancer Cells

2019-11-01 | GSE132868 | GEO

De Novo Pyrimidine Synthesis Is a Collateral Metabolic Vulnerability in NF2-deficient Mesothelioma

Project description:Pleural mesothelioma (PM) is one of the deadliest cancers, with limited therapeutic options due to its therapeutically intractable genome, which is characterized by the functional inactivation of tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) and high tumor heterogeneity, including diverse metabolic adaptations. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these metabolic alterations remain poorly understood, particularly how TSG inactivation rewires tumor metabolism to drive tumorigenesis and create metabolic dependencies. Through integrated multi-omics analysis, we identify for the first time that NF2 loss of function defines a distinct PM subtype characterized by enhanced de novo pyrimidine synthesis, which NF2-deficient PM cells are critically dependent on for sustained proliferation in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, NF2 loss activates YAP, a downstream proto-oncogenic transcriptional coactivator in the Hippo signalling pathway, which in turn upregulates CAD and DHODH, key enzymes in the de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis pathway. Our findings provide novel insights into metabolic reprogramming in PM, revealing de novo pyrimidine synthesis as a synthetic lethal vulnerability in NF2-deficient tumors. This work highlights a potential therapeutic strategy for targeting NF2-deficient mesothelioma through metabolic intervention.

2025-07-08 | PXD063342 | Pride

Endothelial inhibition of the glycolytic activator PFKFB3 induces tumor vessel normalization, impairs metastasis and improves chemotherapy

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BRAF activation by metabolic stress promotes glycolysis and survival, sensitizing NRASQ61 mutated melanomas to targeted therapy.

Project description:NRAS-mutated melanoma lacks an approved first-line treatment. Metabolic reprogramming is considered a novel target to control cancer; however, it is mostly unknow how the NRAS oncogene contributes to this cancer hallmark. Here, we show that NRASQ61-mutated melanomas harbor specific metabolic alterations that render cells sensitive to sorafenib upon metabolic stress. Mechanistically, these cells seem to depend on glucose metabolism, as glucose deprivation promotes the switch of the RAF isoform used from CRAF to BRAF. This process contributes to cell survival and sustains glucose metabolism through the phosphorylation of 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase 2/6- phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosph 3 (PFKFB2/PFKFB3) heterodimers by BRAF. In turn, this phosphorylation favors the allosteric activation of phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK1), generating a feedback loop linking glycolysis and the RAS signaling pathway. In vivo treatment of NRASQ61 mutant melanomas, including patient-derived xenografts, with the combination of 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) and sorafenib effectively inhibits tumor growth. Thus, we provide evidence of the contributions of NRAS oncogenes to metabolic rewiring and proof of principle for the treatment of NRAS-mutated melanoma with combinations of metabolic stress (glycolysis inhibitors) and already approved drugs such as sorafenib.

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6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-biphosphatase 4 is essential for p53-null cancer cells

Project description:The bifunctional enzyme 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-biphosphatase-4 (PFKFB4) controls metabolic flux through allosteric regulation of glycolysis. Here we show that p53 regulates the expression of PFKFB4 and that p53-deficient cancer cells are highly dependent on the function of this enzyme. We found that p53 down-regulates PFKFB4 expression by binding to its promoter and mediating transcriptional repression via histone deacetylases. Depletion of PFKFB4 from p53 deficient cancer cells increased levels of the allosteric regulator fructose 2,6-bisphophate, leading to increased glycolytic activity but decreased routing of metabolites through the oxidative arm of the pentose phosphate pathway. PFKFB4 was also required to support the synthesis and regeneration of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) in p53 deficient cancer cells. Moreover, depletion of PFKFB4 attenuated cellular biosynthetic activity and resulted in the accumulation of reactive oxygen species and cell death in the absence of p53. Finally, silencing of PFKFB4 induced apoptosis in p53 deficient cancer cells in vivo and interfered with tumour growth. These results demonstrate that PFKFB4 is essential to support anabolic metabolism in p53-deficient cancer cells and suggest that inhibition of PFKFB4 could be an effective strategy for cancer treatment.

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