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Variety-Specific Polyphenol Accumulation and Antioxidant Activity Differences in Apple Fruits

ABSTRACT:

Oxidative stress is a key inducer of chronic diseases, and apple polyphenols exhibit significant antioxidant potential. This study systematically analyzed polyphenol accumulation characteristics and antioxidant activity of four apple cultivars (Qincui, Jiuyue Qiji, Orin, Ruixue) using a multi-level system of traditional biochemistry, cell experiments, and untargeted metabolomics. Results showed Ruixue had the highest soluble solids, soluble sugar, total phenol contents, and DPPH scavenging activity, while Jiuyue Qiji was rich in total flavonoids. Apple polyphenols alleviated D-gal-induced BV2 cell senescence, with Ruixue and Jiuyue Qiji showing the strongest protective effects. Metabolomics identified 207 polyphenols, and 87 core active polyphenols significantly correlated with antioxidant activity were screened. Ruixue exhibited distinct polyphenol enrichment. This study clarifies cultivar-specific polyphenol accumulation and core active components, providing theoretical basis for high-antioxidant apple breeding and functional product development.

INSTRUMENT(S): Liquid Chromatography MS - negative - reverse-phase, Liquid Chromatography MS - positive - reverse-phase

PROVIDER: MTBLS13681 | MetaboLights | 2026-01-14

REPOSITORIES: MetaboLights

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			Action	DRS
	a_MTBLS13681_LC-MS_negative_reverse-phase_metabolite_profiling.txt	Txt
	a_MTBLS13681_LC-MS_positive_reverse-phase_metabolite_profiling.txt	Txt
	i_Investigation.txt	Txt
	m_MTBLS13681_LC-MS_negative_reverse-phase_metabolite_profiling_v2_maf.tsv	Tabular
	m_MTBLS13681_LC-MS_positive_reverse-phase_metabolite_profiling_v2_maf.tsv	Tabular

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Project description:PURPOSE: Validated biomarkers of food intake (BFIs) have recently been suggested as a useful tool to assess adherence to dietary guidelines or compliance in human dietary interventions. Although many new candidate biomarkers have emerged in the last decades for different foods from metabolic profiling studies, the number of comprehensively validated biomarkers of food intake is limited. Apples are among the most frequently consumed fruits and a rich source of polyphenols and fibers, an important mediator for their health-protective properties.METHODS: Using an untargeted metabolomics approach, we aimed to identify biomarkers of long-term apple intake and explore how apples impact on the human plasma and urine metabolite profiles. Forty mildly hypercholesterolemic volunteers consumed two whole apples or a sugar and energy-matched control beverage, daily for 8 weeks in a randomized, controlled, crossover intervention study. The metabolome in plasma and urine samples was analyzed via untargeted metabolomics.RESULTS: We found 61 urine and 9 plasma metabolites being statistically significant after the whole apple intake compared to the control beverage, including several polyphenol metabolites that could be used as BFIs. Furthermore, we identified several endogenous indole and phenylacetyl-glutamine microbial metabolites significantly increasing in urine after apple consumption. The multiomic dataset allowed exploration of the correlations between metabolites modulated significantly by the dietary intervention and fecal microbiota species at genus level, showing interesting interactions between Granulicatella genus and phenyl-acetic acid metabolites. Phloretin glucuronide and phloretin glucuronide sulfate appeared promising biomarkers of apple intake; however, robustness, reliability and stability data are needed for full BFI validation.CONCLUSION: The identified apple BFIs can be used in future studies to assess compliance and to explore their health effects after apple intake. Moreover, the identification of polyphenol microbial metabolites suggests that apple consumption mediates significant gut microbial metabolic activity which should be further explored.

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Variety-Specific Polyphenol Accumulation and Antioxidant Activity Differences in Apple Fruits

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