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Diurnal Dynamics Shape Plant Defense Responses: Temporal Variations in Disease Progression and Metabolic Reprogramming in Brassica oleracea

ABSTRACT: Plants synchronize their immune responses with the circadian cycle, yet the impact of diurnal timing on disease resistance remains poorly understood in crop species. In this study, we investigated how diurnal variation modulates defense responses in Brassica oleracea against Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc). Using a resistant cabbage variety (Badger Inbred-16) and a susceptible broccoli variety (Early Big), we found that plants inoculated in the evening exhibited significantly reduced disease severity compared to morning infections. Metabolomic and gene expression analyses revealed that the circadian clock orchestrates metabolic reprogramming during infection, influencing key defense-related compounds. Lipid metabolism, particularly the accumulation of fatty acid amides such as oleamide, was strongly associated with evening resistance. Additionally, genes involved in jasmonic acid biosynthesis and energy metabolism were upregulated at night, suggesting a coordinated defense response. Exogenous application of oleamide mimicked the evening resistance phenotype, reducing lesion size and inhibiting bacterial growth in vitro. These findings indicate that diurnal immune regulation is a critical factor in plant-pathogen interactions and that leveraging circadian-driven metabolic shifts could enhance crop disease management strategies.

INSTRUMENT(S): Liquid Chromatography MS -

PROVIDER: MTBLS7854 | MetaboLights | 2025-08-22

REPOSITORIES: MetaboLights

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			Action	DRS
	10_E_I_T2_1.NEGATIVE.mzML	Mzml
	10_E_I_T2_1.POSITIVE.mzML	Mzml
	11_E_C_T2_4.NEGATIVE.mzML	Mzml
	11_E_C_T2_4.POSITIVE.mzML	Mzml
	12_B_C_T1_1.NEGATIVE.mzML	Mzml

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Project description:Zhou2015 - Circadian clock with immune regulator NPR1 Arabidopsis clock model modified from P2012 (Pokhilko et al., 2013 - BIOMD0000000445) model to include the master immune regulator NPR1 coupling to LHY, TOC1 and PRR7. Triggers: The Global Quantities contain triggers that allow one to change coupling settings, Salicyclic acid (SA) treatment and npr1 mutants. LHY_on: true->NPR1 couples to LHY PRR7_on: true->NPR1 couples to PRR7 WT: true->WT plants, false->npr1 mutant plants SA: true->SA treated plants, false->no treatment This model has L=1, i.e. operates only under constant light conditions and is not aiming to make preditions under diurnal conditions. Due to period overshoot only time points after 28h are relevant. This model is described in the article: Redox rhythm reinforces the circadian clock to gate immune response. Zhou M, Wang W, Karapetyan S, Mwimba M, Marqués J, Buchler NE, Dong X. Nature 2015 Jun; Abstract: Recent studies have shown that in addition to the transcriptional circadian clock, many organisms, including Arabidopsis, have a circadian redox rhythm driven by the organism's metabolic activities. It has been hypothesized that the redox rhythm is linked to the circadian clock, but the mechanism and the biological significance of this link have only begun to be investigated. Here we report that the master immune regulator NPR1 (non-expressor of pathogenesis-related gene 1) of Arabidopsis is a sensor of the plant's redox state and regulates transcription of core circadian clock genes even in the absence of pathogen challenge. Surprisingly, acute perturbation in the redox status triggered by the immune signal salicylic acid does not compromise the circadian clock but rather leads to its reinforcement. Mathematical modelling and subsequent experiments show that NPR1 reinforces the circadian clock without changing the period by regulating both the morning and the evening clock genes. This balanced network architecture helps plants gate their immune responses towards the morning and minimize costs on growth at night. Our study demonstrates how a sensitive redox rhythm interacts with a robust circadian clock to ensure proper responsiveness to environmental stimuli without compromising fitness of the organism. This model is hosted on BioModels Database and identified by: BIOMD0000000577. To cite BioModels Database, please use: BioModels Database: An enhanced, curated and annotated resource for published quantitative kinetic models. To the extent possible under law, all copyright and related or neighbouring rights to this encoded model have been dedicated to the public domain worldwide. Please refer to CC0 Public Domain Dedication for more information.

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Diurnal Dynamics Shape Plant Defense Responses: Temporal Variations in Disease Progression and Metabolic Reprogramming in Brassica oleracea

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