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Salmonella enterica and Pseudomonas syringe uniquely alter the exometabolomic profile of the Arabidopsis leaf surface

ABSTRACT: To successfully colonize healthy plants, bacterial pathogens must overcome stressful conditions on the leaf surface before entering the leaf tissues through natural openings. In this study, we developed an approach to examine the exometabolomic profiles of the leaf surface when exposing plants with the plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst DC3000) and the human pathogen Salmonella enterica ser. Typhimurium 14028s (STm 14028s). Our data indicate clear differences in metabolic dynamics in the phyllosphere as Pst DC3000 and STm 14028s colonize this niche, where STm 14028s induced the largest changes in the metabolite accumulation. Specifically, we detected a reduction of several monosaccharides and organic acids that STm 14028s may consume as sources of energy. Furthermore, STm 14028s alters several amino acids and nucleic acids that promote growth and survival by providing essential substrates and serving as signaling molecules under stressful conditions. In addition, we identified differential accumulation of amino acids and other metabolites, such as phytohormones, which could potentially contribute to plant defense against biotic stresses. Overall, we gained valuable insights into the metabolites secreted onto the leaf surface, which might facilitate bacterial transitioning to an endophytic lifestyle and the unique response of Arabidopsis towards these bacteria.

INSTRUMENT(S): Gas Chromatography MS -

PROVIDER: MTBLS9884 | MetaboLights | 2025-06-17

REPOSITORIES: MetaboLights

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Project description:Introduction: Usually whole plant or whole leaf extracts are analyzed to study the chemical ecology of insect-plant interactions. For herbivore species the contact with the leaf surface enables them to estimate the quality of the plant. The relationship between the leaf-surface and leaf-tissue secondary metabolites (SMs) could offer important new insights in insect-plant interactions mediated by SMs. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs), typical defense chemicals in Jacobaea species, are repellent for generalist herbivores but are attractive to specialists.</br> Objectives: Explore whether the PAs on the leaf surface are a reliable representation of the PAs in the leaf tissue in PA-containing plants.</br> Method: The concentration of individual PAs present on the leaf surface and in the corresponding leaf tissue from 37 genotypes (one plant from each genotype) of an F2 generation of a cross between Jacobaea vulgaris and Jacobaea aquatica was measured by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). PAs were removed from the leaf surface by extraction with a slightly acidic aqueous solution.</br> Results: The total amount of PAs present on the surface of the leaves was only 0.015% (range: 0.001-0.163%) of the total amount present in the leaf tissue. Most PAs present in the leaf tissue were also found on the surface, except for jaconine, dehydrojaconine, dehydrojacoline and usaramine N-oxide. Positive correlations between leaf-surface and leaf-tissue concentrations were found for most of the jacobine-like and otosenine-like PAs, but correlations for total PA, senecionine- and erucifoline-like PAs were not significant.</br> Conclusion: These results indicate that PA variation on the leaf surface only partially reflects the PA variation in the leaf tissue. Because most herbivores are affected in a different manner by individual PAs, this result means that the leaf surface does not give a reliable estimate of plant quality to herbivores.

Project description:Background: The biological control agent Pseudomonas chlororaphis PA23 is effective at protecting Brassica napus (canola) from the necrotrophic fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum via direct antagonism. Despite the growing importance of biocontrol bacteria in plant protection from fungal pathogens, little is known about how the host plant responds to bacterial priming on the leaf surface or about changes in gene activity genome-wide in the presence and absence of S. sclerotiorum. Results: PA23 priming of mature canola plants reduced the number of lesion forming petals by 90%. Global RNA sequencing of the host pathogen interface showed a reduction in the number of genes uniquely upregulated in response to S. sclerotiorum by 16-fold when pretreated with PA23. Upstream defense-related gene patterns suggest MAMP-triggered immunity via surface receptors detecting PA23 flagellin and peptidoglycans. Although systemic acquired resistance was induced in all treatment groups, a response centered around a glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P)-mediated pathway was exclusively observed in plants treated with PA23 alone. Activation of these defense mechanisms by PA23 involved mild reactive oxygen species production as well as pronounced thylakoid membrane structures and plastoglobule formation in leaf chloroplasts. Conclusion: Further to the direct antibiosis that it exhibits towards the pathogen S. sclerotiorum, PA23 primes defense responses in the plant through the induction of unique local and systemic defense regulatory networks. This study has shed light on the potential effects of biocontrol agents applied to the plant phyllosphere. Understanding these interactions will aid in the development of biocontrol systems as a viable alternative to chemical pesticides in the protection of important crop systems. Mature canola leaf tissue treated with combinations of PA23 or S. sclerotiorum ascospores (3 treatment groups) was compared to a water treated control (all treatments done in triplicate).

			Action	DRS
	210708aZTsa01_1.cdf	Other
	210708aZTsa02_1.cdf	Other
	210708aZTsa03_1.cdf	Other
	210708aZTsa04_2.cdf	Other
	210708aZTsa05_2.cdf	Other

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Salmonella enterica and Pseudomonas syringe uniquely alter the exometabolomic profile of the Arabidopsis leaf surface

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