Project description:The Caucasus, inhabited by modern humans since the Early Upper Paleolithic and known for its linguistic diversity, is considered to be important for understanding human dispersals and genetic diversity in Eurasia. We report a synthesis of autosomal, Y chromosome, and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation in populations from all major subregions and linguistic phyla of the area. Autosomal genome variation in the Caucasus reveals significant genetic uniformity among its ethnically and linguistically diverse populations and is consistent with predominantly Near/Middle Eastern origin of the Caucasians, with minor external impacts. In contrast to autosomal and mtDNA variation, signals of regional Y chromosome founder effects distinguish the eastern from western North Caucasians. Genetic discontinuity between the North Caucasus and the East European Plain contrasts with continuity through Anatolia and the Balkans, suggesting major routes of ancient gene flows and admixture. 204 samples were analysed with the Illumina platform Human610-Quad v 1.0 and are described herein.
Project description:Receptor-like kinases (RLKs) are key cell signalling components. The rice ARBUSCULAR RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE 1 (OsARK1) functions during a stage post-arbuscule development in the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) association and belongs to an undefined subfamily of RLKs. Our phylogenetic analysis revealed that ARK1 has an ancient paralogue, ARK2. Single ark2 and ark1ark2 double mutants in rice showed a non-redundant AM symbiotic function for OsARK2. Global transcriptomics identified a set of genes co-regulated by the two RLKs suggesting OsARK1 and OsARK2 to orchestrate symbiosis in a common pathway. ARK lineage proteins harbour a newly identified SPARK domain in their extracellular regions which underwent parallel losses in ARK1 and ARK2 in monocots. This protein domain has ancient origins in the green lineage and defines additional overlooked groups of putative cell surface receptors
Project description:The Caucasus, inhabited by modern humans since the Early Upper Paleolithic and known for its linguistic diversity, is considered to be important for understanding human dispersals and genetic diversity in Eurasia. We report a synthesis of autosomal, Y chromosome, and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation in populations from all major subregions and linguistic phyla of the area. Autosomal genome variation in the Caucasus reveals significant genetic uniformity among its ethnically and linguistically diverse populations and is consistent with predominantly Near/Middle Eastern origin of the Caucasians, with minor external impacts. In contrast to autosomal and mtDNA variation, signals of regional Y chromosome founder effects distinguish the eastern from western North Caucasians. Genetic discontinuity between the North Caucasus and the East European Plain contrasts with continuity through Anatolia and the Balkans, suggesting major routes of ancient gene flows and admixture.
Project description:<p>Residues from ancient artifacts can help identify which plant species were used for their psychoactive properties, providing important information regarding the deep-time co-evolutionary relationship between plants and humans. However, relying on the presence or absence of one or several biomarkers has limited the ability to confidently connect residues to particular plants. We describe a comprehensive metabolomics-based approach that can distinguish closely related species and provide greater confidence in species use determinations. An approximately 1430-year-old pipe from central Washington State not only contained nicotine, but also had strong evidence for the smoking of <em>Nicotiana quadrivalvis</em> and <em>Rhus glabra</em>, as opposed to several other species in this pre-contact pipe. Analysis of a post-contact pipe suggested use of different plants, including the introduced trade tobacco, <em>Nicotiana rustica</em>. Ancient residue metabolomics provides a new frontier in archaeo-chemistry, with greater precision to investigate the evolution of drug use and similar plant-human co-evolutionary dynamics.</p>