Project description:These findings establish minion as a novel microprotein required for muscle development, and define a two-component program for the induction of mammalian cell fusion.
Project description:Species identification of fragmentary bones remains a challenging task in archeology and forensics. A species identification method for such fragmentary bones that has recently attracted interest is the use of bone collagen proteins. We developed a method similar to DNA barcoding that reads collagen protein sequences in bone and automatically determines the species by performing sequence database searches. We tested our method using bone samples from 30 vertebrate species ranging from mammals to fish.
Project description:Background: Epigenetic processes play an important role in the plant response to adverse environmental conditions. A role for DNA hypomethylation has recently been suggested in the pathogenic interaction between bacteria and plants, yet it remains unclear whether this phenomenon reflects a conserved and general plant immunity response. We therefore investigated the role of DNA methylation in the plant defence against damaging parasitic nematodes. Methods and results: Treatment of roots of rice (monocot plant) and tomato (dicot plant) by a nematode-associated molecular pattern (NAMP) from different parasitic nematodes revealed global DNA hypomethylation using ELISA based quantification, suggesting conservation among plants. Focusing on root-knot induced gall tissue in rice, the causal impact of hypomethylation on immunity was revealed by a significantly reduced plant susceptibility upon 5-Azacitidine treatment. Whole genome bisulfite sequencing revealed that hypomethylation was massively present in the CHH context, while absent for CpG or CHG nucleotide contexts. CHH hypomethylated regions were predominantly associated with gene promoter regions, which was not correlated with activated gene expression at the same time point, but rather showed a delayed effect on transcriptional gene activation. Finally, the relevance of CHH hypomethylation in plant defence was confirmed in rice mutants of the RNA-directed DNA methylation pathway (RdDM) and DDM1, which are known to be steering DNA methylation in CHH context. Conclusions: We demonstrated that DNA hypomethylation confers enhanced defence in rice towards root-parasitic nematodes and is likely to be part of the basal NAMP-triggered immunity response in plants.
