Transposon-mediated gene regulatory network rewiring contributed to the evolution of pregnancy in mammals
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ABSTRACT:
PROVIDER: PRJNA144369 | ENA |
REPOSITORIES: ENA
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Project description:DNA methylation profoundly impacts genome regulation, notably through the control of transposons. DNA methylation is extensively remodeled during two developmental periods in mammals, gametogenesis and early embryogenesis. Most of transposons families become then hypomethylated, raising the question of their regulation in absence of DNA methylation. To induce genome-wide demethylation, we relied on hypomethylation-inducing culture conditions of murine embryonic stem cells. Surprisingly, we observed two phases of transposon regulation. After a burst of derepression, which correlates with DNA methylation disappearance, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons were efficiently re-silenced. While histone H3 lysine 9 trimethylation (H3K9me3) remained stable, H3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) was reorganized upon loss of DNA methylation and contributed to transposon re-silencing. Interestingly, we observed that H3K9me3 and H3K27me3 co-occurred but in distinct regions of unmethylated transposon sequences. This unusual pattern may provide a mechanistic relay ensuring genome stability during developmental periods of programmed loss of DNA methylation.
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Project description:Pregnancy loss is the most common complication of human pregnancy. Recurrent early pregnancy loss (REPL) has multiple etiologies, including endometrial dysregulation leading to “suboptimal” implantation. Although the implantation process is tightly regulated in Eutherian (placental) mammals, the molecular factors contributing to dysregulated endometrial gene expression patterns in women with REPL are largely unknown. We hypothesized that genes that gained novel expression in the endometria of mammals that evolved in the Eutherian stemlineage, coincident with the evolution of pregnancy, are likely essential for establishment and maintenance of normal pregnancy and are, therefore, good candidates for genes whose expression may be dysregulated in disorders such as REPL. To test this hypothesis, we took an evolutionary forward genomics approach to characterize gene expression profiles of midsecretory endometria from women with REPL associated with abnormal endometria based either on histology or molecular expression of cyclin E. We identified 58 genes that were differentially expressed (P<0.001) between women with out-of-phase histological dating vs normal histology, and 81 genes that were differentially expressed (P<0.001) between women with abnormally elevated cyclin E levels vs normal cyclin E. Remarkably, genes that were recruited into endometrial expression during the evolution of pregnancy in Eutherian mammals were significantly enriched for dysregulated genes (P=0.002 for histology, P=0.021 for cyclin E), as well as for immune and signaling pathways with essential roles in endometrial biology. Thus, our novel evolutionary-based forward genomics approach identified genes whose dysregulation during the mid-secretory phase likely contributes to the molecular etiologies of recurrent early pregnancy loss.
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Project description:A major challenge in biology is to determine how evolutionarily novel characters originate, however, mechanistic explanations for the origin of novelties are almost completely unknown. The evolution of mammalian pregnancy is an excellent system in which to study the origin of novelties because extant mammals preserve major stages in the transition from egg-laying to live-birth. To determine the molecular bases of this transition we characterized the pregnant/gravid uterine transcriptome from tetrapods, including species in the three major mammalian lineages, and used ancestral transcriptome reconstruction to trace the evolutionary history of uterine gene expression. We show that thousands of genes evolved endometrial expression during the origins of mammalian pregnancy, including numerous genes that mediate maternal-fetal communication and immunotolerance.Furthermore we show that thousands of regulatory elements active in decidualized human endometrial stromal cells are derived from ancient mammalian transposable elements which provided binding sites for transcription factors that mediate decidualization and endometrial cell-type identity. Our results indicate that one of the defining mammalian novelties evolved via domestication of ancient mammalian transposable elements into hormone-responsive regulatory elements throughout the genome.
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