Project description:The pathogenesis of porcine circovirus type 2b (PCV2b) and swine influenza A virus (SwIV) during co-infection in swine respiratory cells is poorly understood. To elucidate the impact of PCV2b/SwIV co-infection, newborn porcine tracheal epithelial cells (NPTr) and immortalized porcine alveolar macrophages (iPAM 3D4/21) were co-infected with PCV2b and SwIV (H1N1 or H3N2 genotype). Viral replication, cell viability and cytokine mRNA expression were determined and compared between single-infected and co-infected cells. Finally, 3’mRNA sequencing was performed to identify the modulation of gene expression and cellular pathways in co-infected cells. It was found that PCV2b significantly decreased and improved SwIV replication, in co-infected NPTr and iPAM 3D4/21 cells respectively, compared to single infected cells. Interestingly, PCV2b/SwIV co-infection synergistically up-regulated IFN expression in NPTr cells whereas in iPAM 3D4/21 cells, PCV2b impaired the SwIV IFN induced response, both correlating with SwIV replication modulation. RNA-sequencing analyses revealed that the modulation of gene expression and enriched cellular pathways during PCV2b/SwIV H1N1 co-infection is regulated in a cell type-dependent-manner. This study revealed different outcomes of PCV2b/SwIV co-infection in porcine epithelial cells and macrophages and provides new insights on porcine viral co-infections pathogenesis.
Project description:The pathogenesis of porcine circovirus type 2b (PCV2b) and swine influenza A virus (SwIV) during co-infection in swine respiratory cells is poorly understood. To elucidate the impact of PCV2b/SwIV co-infection, newborn porcine tracheal epithelial cells (NPTr) and immortalized porcine alveolar macrophages (iPAM 3D4/21) were co-infected with PCV2b and SwIV (H1N1 or H3N2 genotype). Viral replication, cell viability and cytokine mRNA expression were determined and compared between single-infected and co-infected cells. Finally, 3’mRNA sequencing was performed to identify the modulation of gene expression and cellular pathways in co-infected cells. It was found that PCV2b significantly decreased and improved SwIV replication, in co-infected NPTr and iPAM 3D4/21 cells respectively, compared to single infected cells. Interestingly, PCV2b/SwIV co-infection synergistically up-regulated IFN expression in NPTr cells whereas in iPAM 3D4/21 cells, PCV2b impaired the SwIV IFN induced response, both correlating with SwIV replication modulation. RNA-sequencing analyses revealed that the modulation of gene expression and enriched cellular pathways during PCV2b/SwIV H1N1 co-infection is regulated in a cell type-dependent-manner. This study revealed different outcomes of PCV2b/SwIV co-infection in porcine epithelial cells and macrophages and provides new insights on porcine viral co-infections pathogenesis.
Project description:Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan of severe threat to humans and livestock. Macrophages are the cell type preferentially infected by T. gondii in vivo. Protein phosphorylation is an important post-translational modification involved in diverse cellular functions. ARAF is member of the RAF family of serine/threonine protein kinases that is necessary for MAPK activation. Limited information is available about the level of protein phosphorylation variations and the roles of ARAF in macrophages with T. gondii infection, although our previous research found that ARAF knockout could reduce the apoptosis of porcine alveolar macrophages (3D4/21 cells) caused by T. gondii infection. Here, we used IMAC in combination with LC-MS/MS to profile the changes of phosphorylation in 3D4/21 cells and 3D4/21-ΔAraf cells upon Toxoplasma infection, respectively. A total of 1647 differentially expressed phosphorylated proteins (DEPPs) with 3876 differentially phosphorylated sites (DPSs) were identified in 3D4/21 cells with Toxoplasma infection (p3T group) when comparing 3D4/21 cells without parasite infection (pho3 group), and 959 DEPPs with1540 DPSs when comparing 3D4/21-ΔAraf cells with parasite infection (p3KT group). In addition, 552 DPSs corresponding to 406 DEPPs with the same phosphorylated sites were screened in the comparison p3T/pho3 vs. p3T/p3KT, which was identified as the DPSs and DEPPs related with ARAF. Remarkable functional properties of the DEPPs were discovered by GO analysis, KEGG pathway analysis, and STRING analysis. Of 406 DEPPs related with ARAF, 40 DEPPs corresponding to 57 DPSs involved in the apoptosis of 3D4/21 cells during Toxoplasma infection. Further analysis showed that the phosphorylation levels of MED1at serine1418, JUN at serine 73, MYC at serine 154, MCL1 at serine 65, and BAD at serine115 were upregulated in p3T, but downregulated in p3KT, suggesting that ARAF regulate phosphorylation of these sites to modulate the apoptosis of macrophages induced by Toxoplasma infection. These results revealed distinct responses of macrophages to Toxoplasma infection and the potential roles of ARAF in fighting against infection via phosphorylation of crucial proteins.
Project description:To obtain an overview of the transcriptome landscape in developing pig skeletal muscle, 81 high-quality transcriptome libraries that covered 27 developmental stages (3 biological replicates per stage) in pig skeletal muscle were produced by strand-specific rRNA-depleted total RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). We generated 8.59 billion paired-end reads (150 bp × 2) covering 1.24 Tb of sequence for RNA-seq.
Project description:Swine coronavirus-porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) with specific susceptibility to pigs has existed for decades, and recurrent epidemics caused by mutant strains have swept the world again since 2010. Here, single-cell RNA-sequencing was used to perform a systematic analysis of pig small intestines infected with PEDV for the first time. Multiple cell types were identified by representative markers, including the unique marker DNAH11 of tuft cells. Meanwhile, the goblet and tuft cells were also susceptible to PEDV except enterocytes. PEDV infection obviously upregulated REG3G, which significantly inhibited virus replication. Notably, IFN-DELTAs in goblet and enterocyte progenitor cells were increased in virus infected piglet, and IFN-DELTA5 could induce GBP1, ISG15, OAS2 and IFITM1 dramatically raised in IPEC-J2 cells and restricted PEDV replication. Complement molecules were mainly expressed in intestinal cells excepting tuft cells, but PEDV decreased C3, C4A, and C5 in enterocytes, thus escaping the antiviral effect of C3. Finally, enterocytes expressed almost all coronavirus entry factors, and PEDV infection caused significant upregulation of the coronavirus receptor ACE2 in porcine enterocyte cells. In summary, this study systematically studied the response of different cell types in small intestine of pigs after PEDV infection, which deepened the understanding of viral pathogenesis.