The TAM receptor tyrosine kinases Axl and Mer drive the phagocytic differentiation of tissue-resident macrophages
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ABSTRACT:
PROVIDER: PRJNA791287 | ENA |
REPOSITORIES: ENA
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Project description:Many apoptotic thymocytes are generated during the course of T cell selection in the thymus, yet the machinery through which these dead cells are recognized and phagocytically cleared is incompletely understood. We find that the TAM receptor tyrosine kinases Axl and Mer, which are co-expressed by a specialized set of phagocytic thymic macrophages, are essential components of this machinery. Axl-/-Mertk-/- double mutant mice exhibited a marked accumulation of apoptotic cells during the time that autoreactive and nonreactive thymocytes die. Unexpectedly, the double mutants also displayed a profound deficit in the total number of phagocytic macrophages in the thymus, and concomitantly exhibited diminished expression of key non-TAM engulfment systems in the macrophages that remain. These previously unrecognized deficits were not confined to the thymus, and were also evident in the bone marrow and spleen. They had pleiotropic metabolic consequences for the double mutants, which included severe dysregulation of hemoglobin turnover, iron metabolism, and erythropoiesis.
2022-07-12 | GSE192363 | GEO
Project description:Two microglial TAM receptor tyrosine kinases - Axl and Mer - have been linked to Alzheimer’s disease, but their roles in disease have not been tested experimentally. We find that in Alzheimer’s disease and its mouse models, induced expression of Axl and Mer in amyloid plaque-associated microglia is coupled to induced plaque decoration by the TAM ligand Gas6 and its co-ligand phosphatidylserine. In the APP/PS1 mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease, sIngle cell RNAseq analysis comparing wild type microglia with those with Axl and Mer deficiency reveals a similar disease state transitional program of microglia but a dampened differential expression of numerous AD siganture genes in microglia lacking TAM receptors. In line with the transcriptomic data, using two-photon microscopy, we show that genetic ablation of Axl and Mer results in microglia that are unable to normally detect, respond to, organize, or phagocytose amyloid beta plaques. These major deficits notwithstanding, and contrary to expectation, TAM-deficient APP/PS1 mice develop fewer dense-core plaques than APP/PS1 mice with normal microglia. Our findings reveal that the TAM system is an essential mediator of microglial recognition and engulfment of amyloid plaques, and that TAM-driven microglial phagocytosis does not constrain, but rather promotes, plaque development.
2021-02-25 | GSE160523 | GEO
Project description:AXL is a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) which, together with TYRO3 and MER, belongs to the TAM receptor family. A ligand for AXL is growth arrest specific 6 (GAS6), which is able to bind all three TAMs with the highest affinity for AXL. AXL is overexpressed in a variety of different cancers, which correlates with poor prognosis, metastasis and drug resistance. However, its biology is still not fully understood and data concerning proteins that interact with this receptor are almost completely lacking. To identify mechanisms underlying the role of GAS6-AXL signaling in cancer, we established an AXL interactome using proximity-dependent biotin identification (BioID) assay. Experiments were conducted in HEK293 cells and human glioblastoma LN229 cells, which do not express and express AXL, respectively. The Gene Ontology (GO) analysis of biological processes indicated enrichment of proteins implicated in cell junction organization, axonogenesis, supramolecular fiber organization, angiogenesis and actin-related processes in bot, non-stimulated and GAS6-stimulated samples. Importantly, in samples with activated AXL, proteins implicated in actin-related processes were overrepresented. Consistent with this, we found that GAS6 stimulation triggered actin remodeling manifested by intense membrane ruffling and macropinocytosis. Our study provides comprehensive data about proteins interacting with AXL. Thus, the obtained results will help to understand the biology of the AXL receptor, particularly with respect to its involvement in cancer invasion.
2021-06-28 | PXD017933 | Pride
Project description:The receptor tyrosine kinase Mer (gene name Mertk) acts in vascular endothelial cells (ECs) to tighten the blood-brain barrier (BBB) subsequent to viral infection. Correspondingly, we found that Mer regulates the expression and activity of a large cohort of cytoskeletal and BBB proteins, together with endothelial nitric oxide synthase, in brain ECs. We further found that Mer controls the expression of multiple angiogenic genes, and that EC-specific Mertk gene inactivation results in perturbed vascular sprouting and a compromised BBB after induced photothrombotic stroke. Unexpectedly, stroke lesions in the brain were also markedly reduced in the absence of EC Mer, which was linked to reduced plasma expression of fibrinogen, prothrombin, and other effectors of blood coagulation. Together, these results demonstrate that Mer is a central regulator of angiogenesis, BBB integrity, and blood coagulation in the mature vasculature. They may also account for disease severity following infection with the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2.
2023-08-24 | GSE225474 | GEO
Project description:Tyro3 is a member of the TAM (Tyro3, Axl and Mer) receptor family. In this study, we want to know potential association between Tyro3 expression in HCC and the involved signaling pathway.
2018-09-04 | GSE119388 | GEO
Project description:K562 cell lysate was digested with trypsin, dephosphorylated with lambda phosphatase, and treated in an in vitro kinase reaction with Axl, Mer or Tyro3 kinase, alongside a control reaction for each that contained no kinase. Samples were phosphoenriched with the SMOAC approach (TiO2 and FeNTA) and analyzed on an Orbitrap-Velos. Peptides were identified using PEAKS Studio X Pro.
2023-08-29 | MSV000092784 | MassIVE
Project description: Not available
| S-EPMC7335405 | biostudies-literature
Project description:To better understand the signaling complexity of AXL, a member of the TAM family of receptor tyrosine kinases, we created a physical and functional map of AXL signaling interactions, phosphorylation events, and target-engagement of three AXL tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI). We assessed AXL protein-complexes using BioID, effects of AXL TKI on global phosphoproteins using mass spectrometry, and target engagement of AXL TKI using activity-based protein profiling. BioID identifies AXL-interacting proteins that are mostly involved in cell adhesion/migration. Global phosphoproteomics reveal that AXL inhibition deregulates phosphorylation of peptides involved in phosphatidylinositol-mediated signaling and cell adhesion/migration. Comparison of three AXL inhibitors reveals that TKI RXDX-106 inhibits pAXL, pAKT and migration/invasion of these cells without reducing their viability, while Bemcentinib exerts AXL-independent phenotypic effects. Proteomic characterization of these TKIs reveals that they inhibit diverse targets in addition to AXL, with Bemcentinib having the most off-targets. AXL and EGFR TKI co-treatment did not reverse resistance in cell line models of Erlotinib resistance. However, a unique vulnerability was identified in one persister clone, wherein combination of Bemcentinib and Erlotinib inhibited cell viability and signaling. We also show that AXL is overexpressed in ~30-40% of NSCLC but rarely in SCLC. NSCLC cells have a wide range of AXL protein expression, with basal activation detected rarely. Overall, we evaluate the mechanisms of action of AXL in lung cancer which can be used to establish assays to measure drug targetable active AXL complexes in patient tissues and inform the strategy for targeting its signaling network as an anticancer therapy.
2022-10-14 | PXD023923 | Pride
Project description:To better understand the signaling complexity of AXL, a member of the TAM family of receptor tyrosine kinases, we created a physical and functional map of AXL signaling interactions, phosphorylation events, and target-engagement of three AXL tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI). We assessed AXL protein-complexes using BioID, effects of AXL TKI on global phosphoproteins using mass spectrometry, and target engagement of AXL TKI using activity-based protein profiling. BioID identifies AXL-interacting proteins that are mostly involved in cell adhesion/migration. Global phosphoproteomics reveal that AXL inhibition deregulates phosphorylation of peptides involved in phosphatidylinositol-mediated signaling and cell adhesion/migration. Comparison of three AXL inhibitors reveals that TKI RXDX-106 inhibits pAXL, pAKT and migration/invasion of these cells without reducing their viability, while Bemcentinib exerts AXL-independent phenotypic effects. Proteomic characterization of these TKIs reveals that they inhibit diverse targets in addition to AXL, with Bemcentinib having the most off-targets. AXL and EGFR TKI co-treatment did not reverse resistance in cell line models of Erlotinib resistance. However, a unique vulnerability was identified in one persister clone, wherein combination of Bemcentinib and Erlotinib inhibited cell viability and signaling. We also show that AXL is overexpressed in ~30-40% of NSCLC but rarely in SCLC. NSCLC cells have a wide range of AXL protein expression, with basal activation detected rarely. Overall, we evaluate the mechanisms of action of AXL in lung cancer which can be used to establish assays to measure drug targetable active AXL complexes in patient tissues and inform the strategy for targeting its signaling network as an anticancer therapy.
2022-10-14 | PXD023911 | Pride
Project description:To better understand the signaling complexity of AXL, a member of the TAM family of receptor tyrosine kinases, we created a physical and functional map of AXL signaling interactions, phosphorylation events, and target-engagement of three AXL tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI). We assessed AXL protein-complexes using BioID, effects of AXL TKI on global phosphoproteins using mass spectrometry, and target engagement of AXL TKI using activity-based protein profiling. BioID identifies AXL-interacting proteins that are mostly involved in cell adhesion/migration. Global phosphoproteomics reveal that AXL inhibition deregulates phosphorylation of peptides involved in phosphatidylinositol-mediated signaling and cell adhesion/migration. Comparison of three AXL inhibitors reveals that TKI RXDX-106 inhibits pAXL, pAKT and migration/invasion of these cells without reducing their viability, while Bemcentinib exerts AXL-independent phenotypic effects. Proteomic characterization of these TKIs reveals that they inhibit diverse targets in addition to AXL, with Bemcentinib having the most off-targets. AXL and EGFR TKI co-treatment did not reverse resistance in cell line models of Erlotinib resistance. However, a unique vulnerability was identified in one persister clone, wherein combination of Bemcentinib and Erlotinib inhibited cell viability and signaling. We also show that AXL is overexpressed in ~30-40% of NSCLC but rarely in SCLC. NSCLC cells have a wide range of AXL protein expression, with basal activation detected rarely. Overall, we evaluate the mechanisms of action of AXL in lung cancer which can be used to establish assays to measure drug targetable active AXL complexes in patient tissues and inform the strategy for targeting its signaling network as an anticancer therapy.
2022-10-14 | PXD023913 | Pride