Project description:This is the proteomics part of the above project. Purpose: No blood-based biomarkers to detect OPSCC early before symptoms develop or before clinically visible. Diagnosis is solely based on histology of a visible tumour. Most OPSCC patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage, which leads to significant morbidity and poor survival. If high-risk patients were identified with blood-based biomarkers before clear clinical manifestations, tumours could be detected and treated at an earlier stage. Causes of OPSCC include smoking, alcohol misuse, and human papillomavirus (HPV). Tumours are separated according to WHO recommendations into HPV+ OPSCC and HPV- OPSCC using the proxy histological marker p16. We additionally separated our patients into these groups to determine whether the serum glycopeptides would differ between HPV+ and HPV- tumours, as these are distinct clinical entities. Patients and Methods: Pre-treatment sera from 74 patients with OPSCC (including 26 p16- tumours and 48 p16+ tumours) and 12 controls were used, collected between the years 2012 and 2015 at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland. Samples were grouped as follows: early stage p16+ OPSCC (stage I only), early stage p16- OPSCC (stage I-II), p16+ (any stage), p16- (any stage), controls. In-parallel quantitative bulk serum proteomics and serum glycopeptidomics were performed. Results: We identified 78 bulk proteins in the serum, of which 33 significantly differed between early-stage p16- OPSCC and controls, 22 between early-stage p16+ OPSCC and controls, 1 between early-stage p16+ and early-stage p16- OPSCCs, and 30 between all p16+ and p16- OPSCCs. We identified glycopeptides from proteins including but not limited to alpha-1-antitrypsin, haptoglobin, and Immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1, and compared these with the protein expression levels in each comparison. Conclusions: We have identified novel serum glycopeptide biomarkers detect early-stage OPSCCs, to be evaluated further as a diagnostic panel to detect preclinical OPSCC in at-risk patients.

Project description:This is the glycopeptide part of the above project. Purpose: No blood-based biomarkers to detect OPSCC early before symptoms develop or before clinically visible. Diagnosis is solely based on histology of a visible tumour. Most OPSCC patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage, which leads to significant morbidity and poor survival. If high-risk patients were identified with blood-based biomarkers before clear clinical manifestations, tumours could be detected and treated at an earlier stage. Causes of OPSCC include smoking, alcohol misuse, and human papillomavirus (HPV). Tumours are separated according to WHO recommendations into HPV+ OPSCC and HPV- OPSCC using the proxy histological marker p16. We additionally separated our patients into these groups to determine whether the serum glycopeptides would differ between HPV+ and HPV- tumours, as these are distinct clinical entities. Patients and Methods: Pre-treatment sera from 74 patients with OPSCC (including 26 p16- tumours and 48 p16+ tumours) and 12 controls were used, collected between the years 2012 and 2015 at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland. Samples were grouped as follows: early stage p16+ OPSCC (stage I only), early stage p16- OPSCC (stage I-II), p16+ (any stage), p16- (any stage), controls. In-parallel quantitative bulk serum proteomics and serum glycopeptidomics were performed. Results: We identified 78 bulk proteins in the serum, of which 33 significantly differed between early-stage p16- OPSCC and controls, 22 between early-stage p16+ OPSCC and controls, 1 between early-stage p16+ and early-stage p16- OPSCCs, and 30 between all p16+ and p16- OPSCCs. We identified glycopeptides from proteins including but not limited to alpha-1-antitrypsin, haptoglobin, and Immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1, and compared these with the protein expression levels in each comparison. Conclusions: We have identified novel serum glycopeptide biomarkers detect early-stage OPSCCs, to be evaluated further as a diagnostic panel to detect preclinical OPSCC in at-risk patients.

Project description:Nowadays, risk stratification for oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) is based on HPV status, tobacco smoking, and tumor stage. Although HPV positivity represents a strong prognostic factor for both reduced risk of relapse, and improved survival, there is a subset of HPV-positive OPSCC patients who still experience poor outcomes. Furthermore, HPV-negative OPSCC patients, who have an even higher risk of relapse within two years from the end of the treatment, are still lacking suitable prognostic biomarkers for clinical outcome. In this scenario, inclusion of new biomarkers that differentiate OPSCC patients with a diverse prognosis is urgently needed. Since genes encoding for epigenetic regulators have been frequently found mutated in several tumors, including OPSCC, it is expected that epigenetic changes may play a major role in OPSCC pathogenesis and response to therapy. Consistently, HPV oncoproteins have been also demonstrated to impact on epigenetic pattern by interacting with different epigenetic regulators, thus affecting the chromatin landscape of OPSCC HPV-positive cells. Along this line, we have recently demonstrated the methylation levels of the “Long interspersed nucleotide element-1” (LINE-1) repetitive elements, a widely accepted surrogate of overall genomic DNA methylation content, was different between HPV16-positive and -negative OPSCC patients. In particular, the lowest level of LINE-1 element methylation was observed in HPV16-negative OPSCC patients who relapsed within 24 months, thus indicating the overall level of genomic DNA methylation may have an impact on early OPSCC relapse risk. Despite these promising initial data, the influence of LINE1 methylation levels on OPSCC survival is not yet well defined. We retrospectively reviewed a cohort of 156 patients with stage III–IVB (AJCC TNM 7th Ed.) OPSCC. Forty patients were diagnosed and treated at Treviso Regional Hospital, and 116 at National Cancer Institute of Aviano and/or Pordenone Hospital. All patients were managed with curative intent with elective radiotherapy ± chemotherapy or surgery ± adjuvant (chemo)radiotherapy, in accordance with current clinical practice. Genomic DNA was extracted from OPSCC formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues. The quantification of HPV16 DNA was performed by real-time quantitative PCR by using specific primers for the amplification of a region spanning the E6 genes of the HPV16 genome, whereas the methylation status of LINE1 repetitive sequences was evaluated by real-time quantitative Methylation-Specific PCR. The impact of genome-wide methylation patterns on progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) was assessed using Kaplan-Meier analyses. Optimal cut-points for LINE-1 were search through a recursive algorithm which estimates the predictive value for PFS (Harrell's c-index) for each possible couple of LINE-1 values; optimal cut-points were defined as those which maximized Harrell's c-index. Multivariate hazard risk (HR) and corresponding confidence intervals (CI) were calculated according to Cox proportional hazard model adjusting for gender, age, TNM stage, and HPV status.The median follow up was 30 months (interquartile range: 17-72 months) Considering all cases, PFS and OS were respectively 64.6% and 71.8% at 2 years, and 49.5% and 53.7% at 5 years. HPV DNA prevalence was 28.8% (45/156). Compared to HPV-negative patients, HPV-positive ones had a better outcome in terms of PFS at 2 (81.0% vs. 58.2%) and 5 years (70.9% vs 41.6%; p=0.003), as well as in terms of OS (5-year OS: 74.1 vs. 45.9%, respectively; p=0.003). LINE-1 methylation level was significantly higher in HPV-positive OPSCC patients than in HPV-negative ones (median, 66.9% and 48.7% respectively; p<0.001). Three patterns of LINE-1 methylation status were indentified according to PFS: high ≥55%, medium 35-54%, low <35%. The same cut-points were identified from the analysis on OS. Analyzing all patients, PFS at 2 years was 75.9% in the high methylation group, 62.0% in the intermediate group, and 41.6% in the low methylation group (p≤0.001). Compared to LINE-1≥55%, multivariate HR were 1.66 (95% CI: 0.92-2.99) for LINE-1 35-54% and 2.84 (95% CI: 1.51-5.37) for LINE-1<35%. Moreover, OS at 2 and 5 years was significantly better in the high methylation group (p<0.001), with HRs of death similar to those for PFS. It is worth noting that the level of LINE-1 remained a prognostic factor for both PFS (p= 0.004) and of OS (p=0.011) when we restricted the analysis to HPV-negative patients. Among these patients, the multivariate HRs for LINE-1<35% were 2.87 (95% CI: 1.49-5.52) for PFS and 2.86 (1.43-5.74) for OS. In HPV-positive group, respect to patients with LINE-1 <55%, cases with a LINE-1≥55% have had better trend in terms of PFS and OS, but this difference was not statistically significant (p=0.112; p= 0.113), mainly due to small sample size. Between HPV-positive patients, only one had a methylation of LINE-1 < 35%. LINE-1 methylation has been identified as a molecular marker of prognosis for stage III-IV OPSCC patients, becoming a promising biomarker to be integrated in current prognostic factors (e.g., stage, HPV status, tobacco smoking) to refine the comprehensive clinical management of OPSCC. This is of particular clinical relevance for HPV-positive OPSCC patients, since this marker may help in indentify the subset of these patients with bad prognosis. However, further validation in a prospective study is needed for its application in daily clinical practice.

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Comparative proteomic analysis of HPV(+) oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma recurrence

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