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Proteomic identification of organic resideus in the bronze mous excavated from Wushan, Chongqing, China

ABSTRACT: The bronze mou as an important bronze artifact was commonly used in Ba-Shu region (now in Chongqing and Sichuan Province) during Spring and Autumn Period and Han Dynasty. Despite of extensive archaeological study of the bronze mou, scientific analysis of bronze mou was less, and no organic residue analysis has been undertaken on the bronze mou. In this study, four bronze mous dated to Han dynasty (206BC-220AD) with organic residues unearthed in three archaeological sites in Wushan, Chongqing were selected to be tested by portable X-ray fluorescent spectrometer (P-XRF) , and then be analyzed by Liquid chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). The alloy compositions results show that all the samples are copper-tin-lead ternary alloy. The proteomic analysis results confirmed that the bronze mou had been used as cooking utensils or containers. At the Tuchengpo Cemetery, soybeans were contained both in bronze mou M32:27 and bronze mou M38:39. There was no useful protein discovered in the bronze mou from the Shennvmiao Cemetery. Proteins of ginkgo and chicken were found in M16:12 at the Gaotangguan Cemetery. It indicates the residents in Wushan, Chongqing had a diversity of food sources around 2000 years ago. Furthermore, this study demonstrates proteomic analysis is highly effective in studying archaeological organic residues.

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ORGANISM(S): Unidentified

SUBMITTER: Liwei Tan

LAB HEAD: Huiyun Rao

PROVIDER: PXD048792 | Pride | 2025-07-10

REPOSITORIES: Pride

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Project description:The enamel proteome includes a range of proteins which are well-preserved in archaeological settings but have so far received less study than the sex-specific sequencing of enamel. We look beyond sex-specific sequencing of amelogenin to investigate the potential of several serum proteins, including immunoglobulin gamma (IgG), the major immunoglobulin found in blood serum, and C-reactive protein (CRP) which is associated with inflammatory response, to provide insight into the health and stresses experienced by individuals in the past. We apply this approach to enamel samples from Mission-Period ancestral Ohlone interred at Asistencia San Pedro y San Pablo (CA-SMA-71/H; n=11). For comparison, we also examine enamel from historic-period European-Americans interred in the City Cemetery in San Francisco, and extracted third molars from present-day military cadets. Results indicate that IgG is elevated among individuals at the asistencia relative to samples from present-day military cadets (n=8), or historic City Cemetery individuals (ANOVA with post-hoc Tukey Kramer tests, p < 0.02). Further, the inflammatory protein CRP, normally expressed at much lower levels than IgG, was present in 55% (6 of 11) of the asistencia samples, and in 17% (2 of 12) of the historic City Cemetery samples, but was not detected in enamel samples from contemporary military cadets. While more studies are needed, we argue that the difference in IgG could reflect higher levels of chronic diseases such as tuberculosis among Ohlone living within the Mission system, while the presence of measurable amounts of CRP could relate to high degrees of physical, social, and emotional stresses. To our knowledge, this is the first paleoproteomic study of immune proteins in tooth enamel. The ability to track immune responses during tooth formation could provide valuable and high-resolution information on ancient health and disease at the level of the individual over archaeological time-scales.

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	MS181748_ymm8.raw	Raw
	README.txt	Txt

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Proteomic identification of organic resideus in the bronze mous excavated from Wushan, Chongqing, China

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