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NSD2 promotes HCC metastasis through methylating PKM2 and activating SF3B1-dependent alternative splicing

ABSTRACT: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is notorious for its early and frequent metastases. To understand the molecular mechanisms underlying HCC metastasis, we generated a pulmonary metastasis HCC mouse model and performed both time-series transcriptomics and proteomics analysis of protein methylation. We found that methyltransferase NSD2 with significant upregulation in the tipping point for metastasis was closely correlated with high numbers of methylated-proteins in HCC tissues. NSD2 promoted the invasion and metastasis of HCC cells, both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, NSD2 directly bound to PKM2, a glycolysis rate-limiting enzyme, and catalyzed di-methylation of PKM2 at the lysine 336 residue. Further investigation demonstrated that NSD2-mediated di-methylation of PKM2 increased the intracellular glycolytic rate and lactate production by enhancing its pyruvate kinase activity. High-lactate level in HCC cells lead to lactylation of splicing factor 3B subunit 1 (SF3B1) at lysine 333 residue, promoting SF3B1-mediated RNA splicing of several metastasis-related genes. Further, UNC8153, a novel NSD2-targeted degrader, inhibited HCC metastasis in PDX model. Altogether, our study identifies a key methyltransferase NSD2 for HCC metastasis and reveals a protein methylation-mediated molecular mechanism catalyzed by NSD2 integrate glycolysis regulation and alternative splicing.

INSTRUMENT(S):

ORGANISM(S): Homo Sapiens (human)

TISSUE(S): Cell Culture

SUBMITTER: Dapeng zhang

LAB HEAD: dapeng zhang

PROVIDER: PXD056645 | Pride | 2025-09-30

REPOSITORIES: Pride

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			Action	DRS
	XA03713LPK1K2K3_H97_2W_Slot1-21_1_5725.d.zip	Other
	XA03713LPK1K2K3_H97_3W_Slot1-22_1_5727.d.zip	Other
	XA03713LPK1K2K3_H97_4W_Slot1-23_1_5729.d.zip	Other
	XA03713LPK1K2K3_H97_5W_Slot1-24_1_5731.d.zip	Other
	checksum.txt	Txt

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Project description:Hepatectomy generally offers the best chance of long-term survival for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Many studies have shown that hepatectomy accelerates tumor metastasis, but the mechanism remains unclear. In this study, palliative hepatectomy was performed in an orthotopic nude mice model of HCC (MHCC97H) with high metastatic potential. Using Human Tumor Metastasis Microarray, we screened the metastasis-related genes in tumor tissues following palliative resection, and found that Metastasis suppressor 1 (MTSS1) located in the central position of gene function net of residual HCC; MTSS1 was up-regulated in residual tumor after palliative resection. Further studies found that MTSS1 enhanced the metastasis of residual HCC. In hepatitis B-related HCC patients undergone palliative hepatectomy, those with higher MTSS1 mRNA expression accompanied by the activation of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) in residual HCC, had earlier residual HCC detection after hepatectomy and poorer survival when compared to those with lower MTSS1 level. In different cell lines, the levels of MTSS1 mRNA increased in parallel with metastatic potential. MTSS1 down regulation via siRNA decreased MMP2 activity, reduced invasive potentials of HCC by 28.9% in vitro, and averted the deteriorated lung metastatic extent in vivo. In conclusion, the poor prognosis of hepatitis B-related HCC patients following palliative hepatectomy associates with elevated MTSS1 mRNA expression; therefore, MTSS1 may provide a new research field for HCC diagnosis and treatment. Eighteen nude mice bearing HCC xenografts were randomized into three groups 14 days after orthotopic implantation: palliative resection group (mice received partial HCC resection with preservation of 2 mm tumor pedicles), sham operation group (mice only undergone an exposure of liver but without resection), and blank control group (mice without further surgical intervention). All mice were sacrificed by cervical dislocation 14 days following palliative resection based on pre-experimental results. The first time surgically removed HCC tissues were named tumor tissues T1; the second time surgically removed HCC tissues from sham operation group were named tumor tissues T2; Tissues from blank control group were named tumor tissues T3; Tissues from palliative resection group were named tumor tissues T4 that was residual HCC. Randomly selected 5 tumor specimens from each group were used for the screen of genes related to metastasis by microarray techniques.

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NSD2 promotes HCC metastasis through methylating PKM2 and activating SF3B1-dependent alternative splicing

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