Dataset Information

The EZH2 inhibitor tazemetostat mitigates HIV immune evasion, reduces reservoir formation, and promotes durable CD8⁺ T-cell revitalization

ABSTRACT: Persistent HIV reservoirs in CD4⁺ T-cells impede efforts to cure HIV infection. We identified overexpression of enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) in HIV-infected CD4⁺ T-cells that survive cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) exposure, suggesting a mechanism of CTL resistance. Inhibition of EZH2 with the FDA-approved drug tazemetostat increased surface expression of major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) on CD4⁺ T-cells, counteracting HIV Nef–mediated MHC-I downregulation. This enhancement improved CTL-mediated elimination of HIV-infected cells and suppressed viral replication in vitro. In a participant-derived xenograft mouse model, tazemetostat elevated MHC-I and the pro-apoptotic protein BIM in CD4⁺ T-cells, facilitating CD8⁺ T-cell–mediated reduction of HIV reservoir seeding. Additionally, tazemetostat promoted sustained skewing of CD8⁺ T-cells toward less differentiated and less exhausted phenotypes. Our findings reveal EZH2 overexpression as a novel mechanism of CTL resistance and support the clinical evaluation of tazemetostat to enhance immune-mediated clearance of HIV reservoirs.

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ORGANISM(S): Homo Sapiens (human)

TISSUE(S): T Cell

SUBMITTER: Jeffrey Johnson

LAB HEAD: Jeffrey Johnson

PROVIDER: PXD061146 | Pride | 2026-01-26

REPOSITORIES: Pride

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EZH2 inhibition mitigates HIV immune evasion, reduces reservoir formation, and promotes skewing of CD8+ T cells toward less-exhausted phenotypes.

Gramatica Andrea A Miller Itzayana G IG Ward Adam R AR Khan Farzana F Kemmer Tyler J TJ Weiler Jared J Huynh Tan Thinh TT Zumbo Paul P Kurland Andrew P AP Leyre Louise L Ren Yanqin Y Klevorn Thais T Copertino Dennis C DC Chukwukere Uchenna U Levinger Callie C Dilling Thomas R TR Linden Noemi N Board Nathan L NL Falling Iversen Emma E Terry Sandra S Mota Talia M TM Bedir Seden S Clayton Kiera L KL Bosque Alberto A MacLaren Ehui Lynsay L Kovacs Colin C Betel Doron D Johnson Jeffry R JR Paiardini Mirko M Danesh Ali A Jones R Brad RB

Cell reports 20250505 5

Persistent HIV reservoirs in CD4+ T cells pose a barrier to curing HIV infection. We identify overexpression of enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) in HIV-infected CD4+ T cells that survive cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) exposure, suggesting a mechanism of CTL resistance. Inhibition of EZH2 with the US Food and Drug Administration-approved drug tazemetostat increases surface expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I on CD4+ T cells, counterbalanci ...[more]

PMID: 40333189

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Project description:Suppressive HAART does not eradicate HIV-1 and viral DNA persists as a stably integrated form in the absence of viral particle production. As a consequence, latent reservoirs are refractory to antiretroviral drugs and invisible to immune surveillance. The largest latent reservoir consists of resting memory CD4+ T cells. These cells can resume viral infection when activated through antigen recognition, causing bursts of viremia (blips). Current therapies targeting latent HIV-1 have focused primarily on the M-bM-^@M-^\shock and killM-bM-^@M-^] approach, which employs M-bM-^@M-^\anti-latencyM-bM-^@M-^] drugs M-bM-^@M-^S most notably histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors M-bM-^@M-^S to reactivate and flush latent provirus from its cellular reservoirs in the absence of global T cell activation. This approach is predicated on the notions that viral reactivation will lead to the demise of the infected cell, and that HAART will prevent spreading of the infection. On the contrary, recent evidence indicates that latently infected CD4+ T cells of HIV-1 patients on HAART survive in vitro viral reactivation with the HDAC inhibitor, SAHA, even when co-cultured with autologous CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). Moreover, it remains to be addressed the impact of anti-latency drugs on viral reservoirs undergoing low-level ongoing replication, inherently more resistant to the cytopathic effects of HIV-1 and residing in anatomical sites hard to reach for some antiretroviral drugs (e.g. macrophages). As a consequence, there is a need to develop alternative therapeutic approaches aimed at eliminating or decreasing the latent reservoir. Progress in that direction has been hindered by the lack of biomarkers uniquely or differentially expressed on latently infected compared to their uninfected counterparts. To gain insight into the cellular mechanisms that take place in the context of latency, and with the goal of identifying distinctive markers that distinguish latently infected CD4+ T cells, we have used an in vitro model developed in our laboratory to study the expression profile of latently infected CD4+ T cells by microarray analysis. We have used a culture system, previously established in our laboratory, to generate and isolate quiescent latently infected CD4+ T cells in vitro. In this in vitro HIV-1 latency model, CD4+ T cells are activated, infected with full length, replication competent HIV-1, and then returned to quiescence in the presence of IL-7, yielding a culture of quiescent latently infected and uninfected cells. We showed that HIV-1 p24gag expressed during viral replication persists in the cytoplasm of latently infected cells for several days before being degraded. Therefore, we exploited the presence of cytoplasmic p24gag to sort latently infected from uninfected cells by FACS from the same initial cell culture. Total RNA was isolated from sorted latently infected and uninfected cells generated from CD4+ T cells of four different donors. Paired RNA samples from infected and uninfected cells were labeled with Cy3 and Cy5 to allow dual-color competitive hybridization. Moreover, to control for the dye bias in our experiments, we implemented a dye swap protocol (reciprocal labeling) for paired RNA samples from 2 donors. Samples were analyzed by dual-color competitive hybridization on the Agilent whole human genome microarrays (41,000 unique probes). This is the first comparative genomic profiling of primary latently infected resting memory CD4+ T cells versus their uninfected counterparts sorted from the same culture. Microarray analyses performed in this study revealed profound differences between latently infected and uninfected cells. Of relevance are genes involved, not only in previously described pathways related with transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation, but affecting proliferation, survival, cell cycle progression and cell metabolism. This could explain why latently infected cells have been resistant to reactivation with current anti-latency approaches. Thus, targeting of more downstream steps, such as the ones identified in this study, may be able to enhance viral flushing from refractory latent reservoirs. In addition, we identified a panel of surface makers differentially expressed in latently infected cells, which seem worth investigating for their potential use as biomarkers. Indeed, they might allow the enrichment of this latent reservoir for molecular in depth studies, for monitoring the size of the latent reservoir in the clinical setting, as well as for the development of new therapeutic strategies aimed at eradicating this reservoir.

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	20230710_180444_20230710-AG06_Report.tsv	Tabular
	EC20230707-03.raw	Raw
	EC20230707-04.raw	Raw
	EC20230707-05.raw	Raw
	EC20230707-06.raw	Raw

Dataset Information

The EZH2 inhibitor tazemetostat mitigates HIV immune evasion, reduces reservoir formation, and promotes durable CD8⁺ T-cell revitalization

Dataset's files

Publications

EZH2 inhibition mitigates HIV immune evasion, reduces reservoir formation, and promotes skewing of CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells toward less-exhausted phenotypes.

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