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Direct cell-to-cell transmission of retrotransposons

ABSTRACT: Transposable elements are abundant in host genomes but are generally considered to be confined to the cell in which they are expressed, with the notable exception of endogenous retroviruses. Here, we identify a group of LTR retrotransposons that infect the germline from somatic cells within the Drosophila ovary, despite lacking the fusogenic Envelope protein typically required for retroviral entry. Instead, these elements encode a short transmembrane protein, sORF2, with structural features reminiscent of viral cell-cell fusogens. Through genetics, imaging, and electron microscopy, we show that sORF2 localizes to invasive somatic protrusions, enabling the direct transfer of retrotransposon capsids into the oocyte. Remarkably, sORF2-like proteins are widespread among insect retrotransposons and also occur in piscine nackednaviruses and avian picornaviruses. These findings reveal a noncanonical, Envelope-independent transmission mechanism shared by retrotransposons and non-enveloped viruses, offering important insights into host-pathogen evolution and soma-germline interactions.

INSTRUMENT(S): Orbitrap Eclipse, Q Exactive HF

ORGANISM(S): Drosophila Melanogaster (fruit Fly)

TISSUE(S): Ovary, Somatic Cell

SUBMITTER: Richard Imre

LAB HEAD: Julius Brennecke

PROVIDER: PXD061763 | Pride | 2025-03-21

REPOSITORIES: Pride

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			Action	DRS
	20201230_QExHFX1_RSLC1_Voicheck_Brennecke_IMP_2x_inclwashes_IAA_Carbamyl_direct_Dmel_TransposonsUPDATE_sORF.pdResult	Other
	20201230_QExHFX1_RSLC1_Voicheck_Brennecke_IMP_insol_2ug_Control.raw	Raw
	20201230_QExHFX1_RSLC1_Voicheck_Brennecke_IMP_insol_2ug_Sample.raw	Raw
	20210510_Eclipse_nLF_Voichek_Brennecke_IMBA_ID290_G2-50cm-2nd_ES993_iST_1ug_2h_Amanda70_IT.pdResult	Other
	20210510_Eclipse_nLF_Voichek_Brennecke_IMBA_ID290_G2-50cm-2nd_ES993_iST_1ug_2h_control_siGFP-F.raw	Raw

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Direct cell-to-cell transmission of retrotransposons

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