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Tropism for tuft cells determines norovirus pathogenesis

ABSTRACT: Intestinal tuft cells are the physiologic target cell of murine norovirus and this tropism determines transkingdom interactions.

PROVIDER: PRJEB23132 | ENA |

REPOSITORIES: ENA

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			Action	DRS
	ERR2518370.fastq.gz	Fastqsanger.gz
	ERR2518380.fastq.gz	Fastqsanger.gz
	ERR2518390.fastq.gz	Fastqsanger.gz
	ERR2518371.fastq.gz	Fastqsanger.gz
	ERR2518381.fastq.gz	Fastqsanger.gz

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Intestinal tuft cell immune privilege enables norovirus persistence

Project description:The persistent murine norovirus strain MNVCR6 is a model for human norovirus and enteric viral persistence. MNVCR6 causes chronic infection by directly infecting tuft cells, rare chemosensory epithelial cells. Although MNVCR6 induces functional MNV-specific CD8+ T cells, these lymphocytes fail to clear infection. To clarify how tuft cells promote immune escape, we interrogated tuft cell interactions with CD8+ T cells by adoptively transferring JEDI (Just EGFP Death Inducing) CD8+ T cells into tuft cell reporter mice (Gfi1b-GFP). Surprisingly, some tuft cells partially resist JEDI CD8+ T cell-mediated killing – unlike Lgr5+ intestinal stem cells and extraintestinal tuft cells – despite seemingly normal antigen presentation. When targeting tuft cells, JEDI CD8+ T cells predominantly adopt a T resident memory phenotype with decreased effector and cytotoxic capacity, enabling tuft cell survival. Importantly, JEDI CD8+ T cells neither clear nor prevent MNVCR6 infection in the colon, the site of viral persistence, despite targeting a virus-independent antigen (e.g., GFP).

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Intestinal tuft cell immune privilege enables norovirus persistence

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Tropism for tuft cells determines immune promotion of norovirus pathogenesis.

Project description:Complex interactions between host immunity and the microbiome regulate norovirus infection. However, the mechanism of host immune promotion of enteric virus infection remains obscure. The cellular tropism of noroviruses is also unknown. Recently, we identified CD300lf as a murine norovirus (MNoV) receptor. In this study, we have shown that tuft cells, a rare type of intestinal epithelial cell, express CD300lf and are the target cell for MNoV in the mouse intestine. We found that type 2 cytokines, which induce tuft cell proliferation, promote MNoV infection in vivo. These cytokines can replace the effect of commensal microbiota in promoting virus infection. Our work thus provides insight into how the immune system and microbes can coordinately promote enteric viral infection.

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Intestinal tuft cell immune privilege enables norovirus persistence

Project description:Intestinal tuft cell immune privilege enables norovirus persistence

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Intestinal tuft cell immune privilege enables norovirus persistence

Project description:Intestinal tuft cell immune privilege enables norovirus persistence

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Tuft-cell-intrinsic and -extrinsic mediators of norovirus tropism regulate viral immunity.

Project description:Murine norovirus (MNoV) is a model for human norovirus and for interrogating mechanisms of viral tropism and persistence. We previously demonstrated that the persistent strain MNoVCR6 infects tuft cells, which are dispensable for the non-persistent strain MNoVCW3. We now show that diverse MNoV strains require tuft cells for chronic enteric infection. We also demonstrate that interferon-λ (IFN-λ) acts directly on tuft cells to cure chronic MNoVCR6 infection and that type I and III IFNs signal together via STAT1 in tuft cells to restrict MNoVCW3 tropism. We then develop an enteroid model and find that MNoVCR6 and MNoVCW3 similarly infect tuft cells with equal IFN susceptibility, suggesting that IFN derived from non-epithelial cells signals on tuft cells in trans to restrict MNoVCW3 tropism. Thus, tuft cell tropism enables MNoV persistence and is determined by tuft cell-intrinsic factors (viral receptor expression) and -extrinsic factors (immunomodulatory signaling by non-epithelial cells).

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Genetic mapping reveals Pou2af2-dependent tuning of tuft cell differentiation and intestinal type 2 immunity

Project description:Chemosensory epithelial tuft cells contribute to innate immunity at barrier surfaces, but their differentiation from epithelial progenitors is not well understood. Here we exploited differences between inbred mouse strains to identify an epithelium-intrinsic mechanism that regulates tuft cell differentiation and tunes innate type 2 immunity in the small intestine. Balb/cJ (Balb) mice had fewer intestinal tuft cells than C57BL/6J (B6) mice and failed to respond to the tuft cell ligand succinate. A majority of this differential succinate response was determined by a single genetic locus from 50-67Mb on chromosome 9 (Chr9). Congenic Balb mice carrying the B6 Chr9 locus had elevated baseline numbers of tuft cells and responded to succinate. The Chr9 locus includes Pou2af2, a transcriptional cofactor essential for tuft cell development. Epithelial crypts expressed a previously unannotated short isoform of Pou2af2 that uses a novel transcriptional start site and encodes a non-functional protein. Low tuft cell numbers and the resulting lack of succinate response in Balb mice was explained by a preferential expression of the short isoform. Physiologically, differential Pou2af2 isoform usage tuned innate type 2 immunity in the small intestine. Balb mice maintained responsiveness to helminth pathogens while ignoring commensal Tritrichomonas protists and reducing norovirus burdens.

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