Project description:The effects of two years' winter warming on the overall fungal functional gene structure in Alaskan tundra soil were studies by the GeoChip 4.2 Resuts showed that two years' winter warming changed the overall fungal functional gene structure in Alaskan tundra soil.
Project description:The endophytic fungi of certain grasses and herbaceous plants provide anti-herbivore defense compounds, thus living in mutualistic interaction with their hosts. Still, there is little information on such cooperation for tree-associated endophytes. We investigate the influence of the endophytic fungus Cladosporium cladosporioides on the chemical defenses of black poplar Populus nigra trees and the consequences on feeding preference, fitness of herbivorous insects, and insect community assembly. Strikingly, endophyte colonization increases both constitutive- and induced poplar defenses. Generalist Lymantria dispar larvae prefer and perform better on uninfected poplars due to the higher concentrations of salicinoids and fungal alkaloid stachydrine in endophyte-infected leaves. Under field conditions, the endophytic fungus shapes insect community assembly in young black poplar trees. Our results show that endophytic fungi can play a significant role in defending trees against herbivorous insects and structuring insect communities.