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Ancient DNA Reveals Five Migrations into Micronesia and Matrilocality in Early Pacific Seafarers

ABSTRACT: Micronesia Ancient DNA

PROVIDER: PRJEB51180 | ENA |

REPOSITORIES: ENA

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			Action	DRS
		Other
	ERR9597680.fastq.gz	Fastqsanger.gz
	ERR9597681.fastq.gz	Fastqsanger.gz
	ERR9597682.fastq.gz	Fastqsanger.gz
	ERR9597683.fastq.gz	Fastqsanger.gz

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Ancient DNA reveals five streams of migration into Micronesia and matrilocality in early Pacific seafarers.

Project description:Micronesia began to be peopled earlier than other parts of Remote Oceania, but the origins of its inhabitants remain unclear. We generated genome-wide data from 164 ancient and 112 modern individuals. Analysis reveals five migratory streams into Micronesia. Three are East Asian related, one is Polynesian, and a fifth is a Papuan source related to mainland New Guineans that is different from the New Britain-related Papuan source for southwest Pacific populations but is similarly derived from male migrants ~2500 to 2000 years ago. People of the Mariana Archipelago may derive all of their precolonial ancestry from East Asian sources, making them the only Remote Oceanians without Papuan ancestry. Female-inherited mitochondrial DNA was highly differentiated across early Remote Oceanian communities but homogeneous within, implying matrilocal practices whereby women almost never raised their children in communities different from the ones in which they grew up.

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Project description:Genome-wide premortem DNA methylation patterns can be computationally reconstructed from high-coverage DNA sequences of ancient samples. As DNA methylation is more conserved across species than across tissues, and as ancient DNA is typically extracted from bones and teeth, previous works utilizing ancient DNA methylation maps focused on studying evolutionary changes in the skeletal system. Here, we suggest that DNA methylation patterns in one tissue may, under certain conditions, be informative on DNA methylation patterns in other tissues of the same individual. Using the fact that tissue- specific DNA methylation builds up during embryonic development, we identified the conditions that allow for such cross-tissue inference and devised an algorithm that carries it out. We trained the algorithm on methylation data from extant species and reached high precisions of up to 0.92 for validation data sets. We then used the algorithm on archaic humans, and identified more than 1,850 positions for which we were able to observe differential DNA methylation in prefrontal cortex neurons. These positions are linked to hundreds of genes, many of which are involved in neural functions such as structural and developmental processes. Six positions are located in the NBPF gene family, which likely played a role in human brain evolution. The algorithm we present here allows for the examination of epigenetic changes in tissues and cell types that are absent from the paleontological record, and therefore provides new ways to study the evolutionary impacts of epigenetic changes.

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