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Winter break? The effect of overwintering on immune gene expression in wood frogs

ABSTRACT: Winter break? The effect of overwintering on immune gene expression in wood frogs

PROVIDER: PRJNA1106040 | ENA |

REPOSITORIES: ENA

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			Action	DRS
	SRR28838437_1.fastq.gz	Fastqsanger.gz
	SRR28838437_2.fastq.gz	Fastqsanger.gz
	SRR28838438_1.fastq.gz	Fastqsanger.gz
	SRR28838438_2.fastq.gz	Fastqsanger.gz
	SRR28838439_1.fastq.gz	Fastqsanger.gz

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Winter break? The effect of overwintering on immune gene expression in wood frogs

Project description:Among terrestrial ectotherms, hibernation is a common response to extreme cold temperatures and is associated with reduced physiological rates, including immunity. When winter wanes and temperatures increase, so too do vital rates of both ectothermic hosts and their parasites. Due to metabolic scaling, if parasite activity springs back faster than host immune functions then cold seasons and transitions between cold and warm seasons may represent periods of vulnerability for ectothermic hosts. Understanding host regulation of physiological rates at seasonal junctions is a first step toward identifying thermal mismatches between hosts and parasites. Here we show that immune gene expression is responsive to transitions into and out of the cold season in a winter-adapted amphibian, the wood frog (Lithobates sylvaticus), and that frogs experienced parasitism by at least two nematode species throughout the entirety of the cold season. In both splenic and skin tissues, we observed a decrease in immune gene expression going from fall to winter, observed no changes between winter and emergence from hibernation, and observed increases in immune gene expression after hibernation ended. At all timepoints, differentially expressed genes from spleens were more highly enriched for immune system processes than those from ventral skin, especially with respect to terms related to adaptive immune processes. Infection with nematode lungworms was also associated with upregulation of immune processes in the spleen. We suggest that rather than being a period of stagnation, during which physiological processes and infection potential cease, the cold season is immunologically dynamic, requiring coordinated regulation of many biological processes, and that the reemergence period may be an important time during which hosts invest in preparatory immunity.

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Constitutive differences in immune gene expression and energy storage phenotypes co-vary with winter environment in wood frogs

Project description:Many terrestrial ectotherms have gone to great evolutionary lengths to adapt to long cold winters; some have even evolved the ability to tolerate the freezing of most of the water in the body. Now, however, high-elevation, and high-latitude winters are experiencing an accelerated period of warming. Specialized winter adaptations that promoted fitness in a seasonally frozen environment may soon be superfluous or even maladaptive. We ask whether winter adaptations include changes in immune functions, and whether changing winter conditions could exert disparate effects on populations of a wide-ranging terrestrial ectotherm, the wood frog (Lithobates sylvaticus). By rearing wood frogs from ancestral winter environments that vary in length and temperature in a common garden, and reciprocally crossing post-metamorphic frogs into unfrozen and frozen artificial winter conditions in the lab, we were able to decompose transcriptomic differences in ventral skin gene expression into those that were environmentally induced (responsive to temperature), genetically determined, and those that varied as an interaction between genotype and environment. We found that frogs from harsh ancestral winter environments upregulated immune processes, including cellular immunity, inflammatory processes, and adaptive immune processes, as compared to frogs from mild ancestral winter environments. Further, we saw that expression of several genes varied in an interaction between genotype and artificial winter environment, a pattern that was recapitulated at the level of hepatosomatic index (the proportion of body mass comprising liver). We suggest that just as winter climates likely served as the selective force resulting in remarkable winter adaptations such as freeze tolerance, they also induced constitutive changes in immune gene expression.

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