Animal viruses
Ontology highlight
ABSTRACT:
PROVIDER: PRJNA1128642 | ENA |
REPOSITORIES: ENA
Dataset's files
| Action | DRS | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SRR30169924.fastq.gz | Fastqsanger.gz | |||
| SRR31203341.fastq.gz | Fastqsanger.gz | |||
| SRR31208595.fastq.gz | Fastqsanger.gz |
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Project description:5-methylcytosine (5mC) is a widespread silencing mechanism that controls genomic parasites. However, in many eukaryotes 5mC has gained complex roles in gene regulation beyond parasite control. Animals are a paradigmatic case for 5mC evolution, as they show widespread variability across lineages, ranging from gene regulation and transposable element control to loss of this base modification. Here we show that the protist animal relative Amoebidium appalachense displays both transposon and gene body methylation, a pattern reminiscent of invertebrates and plants. Unexpectedly, large hypermethylated regions of the Amoebidium genome derive from viral insertions, including hundreds of endogenised giant viruses contributing 14% of the encoded genes. Using a combination of inhibitors and functional genomic assays, we demonstrate that 5mC silences these giant virus insertions. Moreover, alternative Amoebidium isolates show polymorphic giant virus insertions, highlighting a dynamic process of infection, endogenisation and purging. Therefore we propose that 5mC is critical for the controlled co-existence of newly acquired viral DNA into eukaryotic genomes, making Amoebidium a unique model to understand the hybrid origins of eukaryotic genomes.
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Project description:Antivirals are compounds used since the 1960s that can interfere with viral development. Some of these antivirals can be isolated from a variety of sources, such as animals, plants, bacteria or fungi, while others must be obtained by chemical synthesis, either designed or random. Antivirals display a variety of mechanisms of action, and while some of them enhance the animal immune system, others block a specific enzyme or a particular step in the viral replication cycle. As viruses are mandatory intracellular parasites that use the host's cellular machinery to survive and multiply, it is essential that antivirals do not harm the host. In addition, viruses are continually developing new antiviral resistant strains, due to their high mutation rate, which makes it mandatory to continually search for, or develop, new antiviral compounds. This review describes natural and synthetic antivirals in chronological order, with an emphasis on natural compounds, even when their mechanisms of action are not completely understood, that could serve as the basis for future development of novel and/or complementary antiviral treatments.
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Project description:Animal genomes are characterized by extensive variation in size. RNA viruses similarly exhibit substantial genomic diversity, with genome lengths ranging from 1.7 to ∼64 kb. Despite the myriad of novel viruses discovered by metagenomics, we know little of the factors that shape the evolution of the genome size in RNA viruses. We analyzed the variation in genome sizes across orders and families of animal RNA viruses. We found that RNA viruses can have highly variable genome sizes within and among orders, with the Nidovirales (including the Coronaviridae) exhibiting both significantly larger genomes and a greater range of genome sizes than other orders. In the Bunyavirales, Amarillovirales, Nidovirales, and Picornavirales, the genome sizes of invertebrate-associated RNA viruses were significantly larger than those that infect vertebrates, in contrast to their animal hosts in which vertebrates commonly have larger genomes than invertebrates. However, in the Mononegavirales, vertebrate viruses were significantly larger than those viruses associated with invertebrates. There were similarly complex associations between genome size and patterns of genome segmentation. In the Bunyavirales, Reovirales, and Nidovirales, viruses with segmented genomes, or that possessed a large number of segments, had significantly larger genome sizes than viruses with nonsegmented genomes or a small number of segments, while in Articulavirales, there were no significant differences in genome size among viruses possessing any number of genome segments. More broadly, our analysis revealed that taxonomic position (i.e. RNA virus order) had a greater impact on genome size than whether viruses infected vertebrates or invertebrates or their pattern of genome segmentation. Hence, the phylogenetic constraints on genome size are of sufficient magnitude to shape some other aspects of virus evolution.
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