Project description:Background Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) is a crucial protein in eukaryotes that recruits nuclear factors during DNA replication and repair, but also cytoplasmic proteins involved in apoptosis and cell signaling. In the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, two highly similar PCNA isoforms, AtPCNA1 and AtPCNA2, have been identifi ed. However their functions remain unexplored, probably because loss-of-function mutants, as observed in other model systems, are lethal. The use of nanobodies -single-domain antibody fragments- for targeted protein degradation and mislocalization represents a promising complementary alternative for studying gene function. However, these approaches are still poorly used in plant research. Results To explore the applicability of this strategy in plants, we designed and expressed a modifi ed human PCNA chromobody (PCNA Cb) consisting of a commercial anti-human PCNA nanobody-fl uorescent protein fusion, in Arabidopsis to test its capacity to track the dynamics of PCNA isoforms. We fi rst demonstrated that AtPCNA1 and AtPCNA2 assemble in a heteromeric complex and exhibit a highly overlapping localization during the cell cycle. Co-immunoprecipitation assays and microscopic analyses confi rmed that PCNA Cb binds to AtPCNA1 and AtPCNA2 in vivo and fully colocalizes with them throughout the cell cycle in living cells. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that a human-derived PCNA chromobody can be used to monitor endogenous Arabidopsis PCNA proteins. While further optimization is required to enhance binding effi ciency, this tool offers a promising platform for future studies aimed at elucidating PCNA function in plants.
Project description:Plant microRNAs (miRNAs) have been implicated in plant immunity. These mainly focusing Arabidopsis thaliana threatened by (hemi-)biotrophic pathogens such as the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae. Here, we show that the Arabidopsis miRNA pathway is important for defense responses against the necrotrophic fungus Alternaria brassicicola. The miRNA pathway mutant ago1 exhibits an exaggerated response when treated with A. brassicicola, proposing that AGO1 is positive regulator. We found a subset of Arabidopsis miRNAs that quickly change their expression and their abundance in AGO1 complexes in plants exposed to A. brassicicola. The miRNAs responding to pathogen treatment are mainly targeting genes encoding metabolic enzymes, proteins involved protein degradation or transposons. In case of miR163, A. brassicicola infection results in increased levels of miRNA precursors and preferential accumulation of an unspliced form of pri-miR163, suggesting that A. brassicicola infection changes the transcriptional and post-regulation of pri-miRNAs. miR163 acts as a negative regulator of plant defense because mir163 mutants are more resistant when treated with A. brassicicola. Taken together, our results reveal the existence of positively and negatively acting Arabidopsis miRNA modulating the defense responses against A. brassicicola and highlight the importance of host miRNAs in the interaction between plants and necrotrophic pathogens.