SnoBIRD: A tool to identify C/D box snoRNAs and refine their annotation across all eukaryotes
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PROVIDER: PRJNA1228658 | ENA |
REPOSITORIES: ENA
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Project description:Small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs), a group of noncoding RNAs present amongst all eukaryotes, are known for their regulation of ribosome biogenesis and splicing. Despite their central cellular roles, current snoRNA annotations remain incomplete. Indeed, several eukaryote annotations contain few or no snoRNAs, and none distinguishes expressed snoRNAs from their pseudogenes—a recently characterized snoRNA subclass with distinct features and expression levels. To address this, we developed SnoBIRD, a BERT-based C/D box snoRNA predictor trained on snoRNAs spanning all eukaryote kingdoms. We show that SnoBIRD outperforms existing tools in a test set environment and is the only predictor capable of identifying snoRNA pseudogenes using biologically relevant signal. Applied on the fission yeast and human genomes, we demonstrate that only SnoBIRD scales well with genome size in terms of runtime, and we identify and experimentally validate several new SnoBIRD-predicted C/D box snoRNAs. By running SnoBIRD on multiple eukaryote genomes, we identify hundreds of novel C/D box snoRNA candidates and highlight SnoBIRD’s usefulness to determine the evolutionary paths of snoRNAs that share a common host locus but are distributed across different species. Overall, SnoBIRD represents a user‑friendly and efficient tool for reliably predicting C/D box snoRNAs and their pseudogenes across any eukaryote kingdom.
2025-07-30 | GSE290579 | GEO
Project description: Not available
| S-EPMC12309372 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The majority of Nm modifications in eukaryotes are placed by Fibrillarin, a conserved methyltransferase belonging to a ribonucleoprotein complex guided by C/D box small nucleolar RNAs (C/D box snoRNAs). We built the first comprehensive map of Nm sites in Drosophila melanogaster rRNAs using two complementary approaches (RiboMethSeq and Nanopore direct RNA sequencing) and identified their corresponding C/D box snoRNAs by whole-transcriptome sequencing (TGIRT-seq).
2024-02-12 | GSE241399 | GEO
Project description:The majority of Nm modifications in eukaryotes are placed by Fibrillarin, a conserved methyltransferase belonging to a ribonucleoprotein complex guided by C/D box small nucleolar RNAs (C/D box snoRNAs). We built the first comprehensive map of Nm sites in Drosophila melanogaster rRNAs using two complementary approaches (RiboMethSeq and Nanopore direct RNA sequencing) and identified their corresponding C/D box snoRNAs by whole-transcriptome sequencing (TGIRT-seq).
2024-02-12 | GSE241400 | GEO
Project description:The majority of Nm modifications in eukaryotes are placed by Fibrillarin, a conserved methyltransferase belonging to a ribonucleoprotein complex guided by C/D box small nucleolar RNAs (C/D box snoRNAs). We built the first comprehensive map of Nm sites in Drosophila melanogaster rRNAs using two complementary approaches (RiboMethSeq and Nanopore direct RNA sequencing) and identified their corresponding C/D box snoRNAs by whole-transcriptome sequencing (TGIRT-seq).
2024-02-12 | GSE233853 | GEO
Project description:The paired-end next-generation sequencing of all small RNAs of less than 200 nucleotides in length from four different human cell lines (SKOV3ip1, MCF-7, BJ-Tielf, INOF) allowed us to determine the exact sequence(s) and variations of human box C/D snoRNAs (small nucleolar RNAs), revealing processing patterns of this class of molecules. Two distinct groups of box C/D snoRNAs were identified based on the position of their ends with respect to their characteristic boxes and the terminal base pairing potential. Short box C/D snoRNAs start sharply 4 or 5 nucleotides upstream of their box C and end 2 or 3 nucleotides downstream of their box D. In contrast, long box C/D snoRNAs start 5 or 6 nucleotides upstream of their box C and end 4 or 5 nucleotides downstream of their box D, increasing the likelihood of formation of a k-turn between their boxes C and D. Sequencing of SKOV3ip1 cells following the depletions of NOP58, a core box C/D snoRNA-binding protein and of RBFOX2, a splicing factor, shows that the short box C/D snoRNA forms are significantly more affected by the depletion of RBFOX2 while the long snoRNA forms, which display more canonical box C/D snoRNA features, are significantly more affected by the depletion of NOP58. Together the data suggest that box C/D snoRNAs are divided into at least two groups of RNA with distinct maturation and functional preferences. Small RNAs (<200 nucleotides) were isolated from different human cell lines that were either untreated or depleted of NOP58 or RBFOX2 using specific siRNAs. The resulting libraries were multiplexed and paired-end sequenced using Illumina HiSeq.
2014-07-01 | E-GEOD-55946 | biostudies-arrayexpress
Project description:Box C/D snoRNAs snR4 and snR45, whose role was unknown, guide 18S rRNA acetylations by Kre33 in yeast. UV-crosslinking (CRAC) was used to determine binding sites of Kre33 on RNA.
2017-07-25 | GSE87480 | GEO
Project description:The paired-end next-generation sequencing of all small RNAs of less than 200 nucleotides in length from four different human cell lines (SKOV3ip1, MCF-7, BJ-Tielf, INOF) allowed us to determine the exact sequence(s) and variations of human box C/D snoRNAs (small nucleolar RNAs), revealing processing patterns of this class of molecules. Two distinct groups of box C/D snoRNAs were identified based on the position of their ends with respect to their characteristic boxes and the terminal base pairing potential. Short box C/D snoRNAs start sharply 4 or 5 nucleotides upstream of their box C and end 2 or 3 nucleotides downstream of their box D. In contrast, long box C/D snoRNAs start 5 or 6 nucleotides upstream of their box C and end 4 or 5 nucleotides downstream of their box D, increasing the likelihood of formation of a k-turn between their boxes C and D. Sequencing of SKOV3ip1 cells following the depletions of NOP58, a core box C/D snoRNA-binding protein and of RBFOX2, a splicing factor, shows that the short box C/D snoRNA forms are significantly more affected by the depletion of RBFOX2 while the long snoRNA forms, which display more canonical box C/D snoRNA features, are significantly more affected by the depletion of NOP58. Together the data suggest that box C/D snoRNAs are divided into at least two groups of RNA with distinct maturation and functional preferences.
2014-07-01 | GSE55946 | GEO
Project description:Small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) are an omnipresent class of non-coding RNAs involved in the modification and processing of ribosomal RNA (rRNA). There are two types of snoRNAs, box C/D, which typically guide 2’-O-methylation, and box H/ACA, which guide pseudouridylation. As snoRNAs are required for ribosome production, the increase of which is a hallmark of cancer development, their expression would be expected to increase in proliferating cancer cells. However, the contributions of H/ACA box and C/D box snoRNAs to the biology of cancer cells remain unclear. To understand the contribution of snoRNAs to cancer progression and aggressiveness we examined their abundance patterns in high-grade serous ovarian carcinomas (HGSC) and serous borderline tumors (SBT), using a newly developed snoRNA sensitive sequencing technique. Surprisingly, the results indicate that while abundance of a selected group of H/ACA snoRNAs increases, most C/D snoRNAs remain stable or decrease in HGSC compared to SBT. This suggests that induction of ribosome biogenesis and translation in HGSC does not require a general increase in snoRNAs expression but depends upon the upregulation of a handful of key H/ACA snoRNAs. This subgroup accurately discriminates between SBT and HGSC underlining their potential as biomarkers of tumor aggressiveness. Remarkably, knockdown of HGSC associated H/ACA snoRNAs, but not their host genes, inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis of model ovarian cancer cell lines. Together our data indicate that specific H/ACA snoRNAs promote tumor aggressiveness through the induction of cell proliferation and resistance to apoptosis.
2021-12-08 | GSE181496 | GEO
Project description:Small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) guide nucleotide modifications of cellular RNAs in the nucleus. We have previously shown that box C/D snoRNAs from the Rpl13a locus are unexpected mediators of physiologic oxidative stress, independent of their predicted ribosomal RNA modifications. Here, we demonstrate that oxidative stress induced by doxorubicin causes rapid cytoplasmic accumulation of the Rpl13a snoRNAs through a mechanism that requires superoxide and a nuclear splice variant of NADPH oxidase. RNA-sequencing analysis reveals that box C/D snoRNAs as a class are present in the cytoplasm, where their levels are dynamically regulated by NADPH oxidase. These findings suggest that snoRNAs may orchestrate the response to environmental stress through molecular interactions outside of the nucleus.
2015-03-20 | GSE67050 | GEO