Supplementing CD2 expression enhances CAR-T Cell Efficacy through Optimizing CAR-immunological Synapse formation
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PROVIDER: PRJNA1233798 | ENA |
REPOSITORIES: ENA
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Project description:CAR-T cell therapy has made significant strides in treating hematological malignancies, yet its efficacy is often hampered by T cells' suboptimal functionality, marked by weak antitumor capabilities and lack of durability. The immunological synapse, a key determinant of T cell function, is influenced by the CD58-CD2 axis. The dynamic regulation of CD2 expression on T cells impacts the quality of CAR-mediated synapses, affecting CAR-T cells' functional outcomes and differentiation. Our study confirmed that CD2 expression levels are closely linked to the quality of immunological synapses formed by CAR-T cells and their antitumor potency. Exogenous CD2 supplementation enhances CAR-T cells' ability to form high-quality synapses, reduces T cell exhaustion, and boosts sustained antitumor efficacy. Additionally, ectopic CD2 expression increases CAR-T cells' sensitivity to low-density antigens. Thus, replenishing CD2 in CAR-T cells is a promising strategy to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of CAR-T cell therapy.
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Project description:Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has achieved significant success in treating a variety of hematologic malignancies, but resistance to this treatment in some patients limited its wider application. Using an unbiased genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 screening, we identified and validated loss of CD58 conferred immune evasion from CAR T cells in vitro and in vivo. CD58 is a ligand of the T cell costimulatory molecule CD2, and CD58 mutation or downregulated expression is common in hematological tumors. We found that disruption of CD58 in tumor cells induced the formation of suboptimal immunological synapse (IS) with CAR T cells, which conferred functional impairment of CAR T cells, including the attenuation of cell expansion, degranulation, cytokine secretion and cytotoxicity. In summary, we describe a potential mechanism of tumor intrinsic resistance to CAR T-cell therapy and suggest that this mechanism may be leveraged for developing therapeutic strategies to overcome resistance to CAR T-cell therapy in B-cell malignancies.
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Project description:The in-depth analysis of co-stimulatory signaling enhancing the activity of cytotoxic T cells represents a major approach towards the development of immunotherapies. Here we describe that CD2 co-stimulation plays a critical role in the functioning of human cytotoxic T cells (CTLs). We found that CD2 promotes the formation of functional immune synapses by orchestrating the polarization of lytic granules towards the synaptic interface. To broadly explore the CD2 signaling network, we undertook an analysis of protein phosphorylation in CD2-stimulated CTLs, which revealed 549 unique CD2-regulated phosphorylation events in 373 proteins. CD2 stimulation elicited an intricated network of signaling events participating in the regulation of T cell metabolism, vesicular trafficking, autophagy, cell polarity and cytoskeleton organization. We further show that a functionally critical node of this network is the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which regulates granule polarization at the CTL synapse. Polarized trafficking of granules is driven by the concerted action of TAK1/LKB1/CamKK2 kinases, which locally activate AMPK enriched on CTL lysosome membranes, illustrating a novel functional cross-talk between vesicular compartments in CTLs. Our results thus establish CD2 signaling as key for regulating targeted granule secretion in CTLs and reveal an AMPK-dependent mechanism to explain how AMPK-activating drugs boost anti-tumour CTL activity.
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Project description:T cell activation is driven by the TCR and complemented by costimulation. We have studied the dynamics of ligand-engagement of the costimulatory receptor CD2 in T cell/APC couples. Thousands of ligand-engaged CD2 molecules were included in a large T cell invagination at the center of the cellular interface within 1 min of cell couple formation. The structure and regulation of this invagination shared numerous features with phagocytosis and macropinocytosis. Three observations further characterize the invagination and the inclusion of CD2: 1) numerous ligand-engaged receptors were enriched in and internalized through the T cell invagination, none as prominently as CD2; 2) dissolution of the T cell invagination and CD2 engagement were required for effective proximal T cell signaling; and 3) the T cell invagination was uniquely sensitive to the affinity of the TCR for peptide-MHC. Based on this characterization, we speculate that the T cell invagination, aided by CD2 enrichment, internalizes parts of the TCR signaling machinery to reset T cell signaling upon agonist-mediated, stable APC contact.
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Project description:The relationship between intermembrane spacing, adhesion efficiency, and lateral organization of adhesion receptors has not been established for any adhesion system. We have utilized the CD2 ligand CD48 with two (wild type CD48 (CD48-WT)), four (CD48-CD2), or five (CD48-CD22) Ig-like domains. CD48-WT was 10-fold more efficient in mediating adhesion than CD48-CD2 or CD48-CD22. Electron tomography of contact areas with planar bilayers demonstrated average intermembrane spacing of 12.8 nm with CD48-WT, 14.7 nm with CD48-CD2, and 15.6 nm with CD48-CD22. Both CD48-CD2 and CD48-CD22 chimeras segregated completely from CD48-WT in mixed contact areas. In contrast, CD48-CD2 and CD48-CD22 co-localized when mixed contacts were formed. Confocal imaging of immunological synapses formed between primary T lymphocytes and Chinese hamster ovary cells presenting major histocompatibility complex-peptide complexes, and different forms of CD48 demonstrated that CD48-CD2 and CD48-CD22 induce an eccentric CD2/T cell antigen receptor cluster. We propose that this reorganization of the immunological synapse sequesters the T cell antigen receptor in a location where it cannot interact with its ligand and dramatically reduces T cell sensitivity.
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Project description:CD2 is a receptor expressed on T cells and when engaged, it promotes T cell activation. However the mechanisms and molecular partners of CD2 that mediate T cell activation remain unclear. Here we used AP-MS to determine the interactome of CD2 prior and upon its engagement. For this purpose, we used a knockin mouse expressing an endogenous One Step Tag (OST) version of the CD2 molecule. Affinity purification of the OST tagged protein was performed using Streptactin beads, from T cells left non-stimulated, or stimulated for 1min or 5min with anti-CD2 antibodies. Each AP-MS purification was associated with a corresponding control (purification from WT CD4+ T cells, cultured and stimulated in the same conditions). The number of replicate biological experiments was n=3 for all conditions.
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Project description:The CD2-CD58 recognition system promotes adhesion and signaling and counters exhaustion in human T cells. We found that CD2 localized to the outer edge of the mature immunological synapse, with cellular or artificial APC, in a pattern we refer to as a 'CD2 corolla'. The corolla captured engaged CD28, ICOS, CD226 and SLAM-F1 co-stimulators. The corolla amplified active phosphorylated Src-family kinases (pSFK), LAT and PLC-γ over T cell receptor (TCR) alone. CD2-CD58 interactions in the corolla boosted signaling by 77% as compared with central CD2-CD58 interactions. Engaged PD-1 invaded the CD2 corolla and buffered CD2-mediated amplification of TCR signaling. CD2 numbers and motifs in its cytoplasmic tail controlled corolla formation. CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes displayed low expression of CD2 in the majority of people with colorectal, endometrial or ovarian cancer. CD2 downregulation may attenuate antitumor T cell responses, with implications for checkpoint immunotherapies.
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