Microbiota of turtle nesting enviroment
Ontology highlight
ABSTRACT:
PROVIDER: PRJNA1289694 | ENA |
REPOSITORIES: ENA
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2010-01-01 | E-GEOD-18417 | biostudies-arrayexpress
Project description:Uncovering the genomic regulation of phenotypic adaptation is a major goal in biology, but this has been hard to achieve for complex behavioral traits. Here, we leverage the repeated evolution of obligate cavity-nesting in birds to test the hypothesis that the shared pressure to compete for a limited breeding resource drives convergent behavioral evolution via convergent gene regulatory changes in the brain. Using behavioral assays in the field, hormonal measures, and transcriptome-wide analyses in 10 focal species, we examined females and males in five avian families, each including one obligate cavity-nesting species and a related species with a more flexible nesting strategy. Results support the hypothesis of behavioral convergence, with high levels of territorial aggression in obligate cavity-nesters, particularly among females. Levels of testosterone were not associated with nesting strategy for either sex, but phylogenetic analyses of individual genes and co-regulated gene networks revealed some shared patterns of gene expression, with functional enrichment related to metabolic and mitochondrial processes. Though this gene regulatory convergence may contribute to behavioral convergence, concordance in gene expression did not scale across multiple families. These observations indicate that replicated evolutionary increases in aggression arise via largely lineage-specific changes in brain gene expression.
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Project description:Sex determination is the process by which and original bipotential gonad differentiate into either a testis or ovaries. While mammals and birds determine their sex solely by genetic clues (genetic sex determination, GSD), other vertebrates like the turtle Trachemys scripta are influenced by environmental factors, like temperature (environmental sex determination, ESD). In both cases an initially bipotential gonad develops into either testes or ovaries in response to GSD or ESD cues. In order to shed light into the differences and similarities between sex determination systems we performed single-cell RNA-seq on Trachemys scripta developing gonads during the sex determination window.
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Project description:Microbes have central roles in the development and health of animals, being the introduction of specific microbial species a potential conservation strategy to protect animals from emerging diseases. Thus, insight into the microbiota of the species and their habitats is essential. In this manuscript, we report for the first time the bacterial composition of all the components (eggshells of hatched and unhatched eggs, internal content of unhatched eggs, intestinal content of hatchling and pipping sea turtles, and sand) of three nesting beaches of Caretta caretta along the Italian coasts of the Mediterranean Sea. The analysis of 26 amplicon samples was carried out using next-generation sequencing analysis, targeting V3-V4 regions of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. Samples featured mainly Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes, whose percentages depended on the sample type. Our results showed that, although from different sampling sites, the internal content of the unhatched eggs, intestinal content of hatchling and pipping sea turtles share the microbiota, which was yet different from that of eggshells and sand of the same nesting beach. This study suggests the maternal and environmental influence alongside a protective role of eggshells in shaping the egg microbiota of Caretta caretta sea turtles.
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Project description:After gastrulation, oviductal hypoxia maintains turtle embryos in an arrested state prior to oviposition. Subsequent exposure to atmospheric oxygen upon oviposition initiates recommencement of embryonic development. Arrest can be artificially extended for several days after oviposition by incubation of the egg under hypoxic conditions, with development recommencing in an apparently normal fashion after subsequent exposure to normoxia. To examine the transcriptomic events associated with embryonic arrestAfter gastrulation, oviductal hypoxia maintains turtle embryos in an arrested state prior to oviposition. Subsequent exposure to atmospheric oxygen upon oviposition initiates recommencement of embryonic development. Arrest can be artificially extended for several days after oviposition by incubation of the egg under hypoxic conditions, with development recommencing in an apparently normal fashion after subsequent exposure to normoxia. To examine the transcriptomic events associated with embryonic arrest, RNA-sequencing analysis was performed on embryos from freshly laid eggs and eggs incubated in either normoxia (oxygen tension ~159 mmHg) or hypoxia (<8 mmHg) for 36 hours (h) after oviposition (n = 5 per group). The patterns of gene expression differed markedly among the three experimental groups. Normal embryonic development in normoxia was associated with up-regulation of genes involved in DNA replication, the cell cycle, and mitosis, but these genes were commonly down-regulated after incubation in hypoxia. Many target genes of hypoxia inducible factors, including insulin-like growth factor binding protein 1, were down-regulated by normoxic incubation but upregulated by incubation in hypoxia. Notably, some of the transcriptomic effects of hypoxia in green turtle embryos resembled those reported by others to be associated with hypoxia-induced embryonic arrest in diverse taxa, including budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), the annelid Caenorhabditis elegans, and zebrafish (Danio rerio). Thus, while among oviparous species, hypoxia-induced pre-ovipositional embryonic arrest appears to be a unique adaptation of turtles, mechanisms underlying hypoxia-induced embryonic arrest per se may be highly conserved across the diverse taxa in which this mechanism operates. We report the transciptional changes in Chelonia mydas embryos incubated in either normoxia or hypoxia comapred to freshly laid eggs.
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