Project description:Droplet-based massively parallel single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) was performed by encapsulating sorted live CD45+ tumour-infiltrating cells into droplets and libraries were prepared using Chromium Single Cell 5′ Reagent Kits v2 according to the manufacturer’s protocol (10X Genomics). The generated scRNA-seq libraries were sequenced using an Illumina HiSeq2500.
Project description:Allergic asthma is driven by type 2 inflammation involving cytokines such as IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, with group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) playing a key pathogenic role. Here, we identify T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 3 (Tim-3) as a negative regulator of ILC2 function. Tim-3 expression was upregulated in activated pulmonary ILC2s, and engagement with Tim-3 agonists inhibited ILC2 activation, proliferation, and type 2 cytokine production via the NLK signaling pathway and suppression of mitochondrial metabolism. In vivo, Tim-3 agonists alleviated airway hyperreactivity (AHR) and inflammation in both IL-33- and Alternaria alternata-induced AHR models, while ILC2-specific Tim-3 deletion exacerbated AHR. These results were confirmed in human ILC2s and humanized mice, supporting the translational relevance. Our findings establish Tim-3 as an inhibitory checkpoint for ILC2s and suggest its potential as a therapeutic target in allergic asthma and other ILC2-mediated diseases.
Project description:The danger signals that activate the NLRP1 inflammasome have yet to be firmly established. NLRP1 undergoes autoproteolysis to generate N-terminal (NT) and C-terminal (CT) fragment, which importantly, is a necessary step for its check-point regulation by the DPP9 ternary complex and the mechanistic activation of NLRP1 through functional degradation. Here, we report an added layer of regulatory complexity to NLRP1 activity, in the form of a repressive interaction that NLRP1 forms with the oxidized, but not reduced, form of thioredoxin-1 (TRX1). Loss of TRX1 destabilizes the NT fragment of NLRP1 and promotes enhanced inflammasome activation. The TRX1 interaction occurs through the NACHT-LRR of NLRP1 and requires nucleotide binding in its ATPase domain. In addition, we found that several patient-derived and ATPase-inactivating mutations in the NACHT-LRR region hyperactive the inflammasome by destabilize protein folding and are also shown to abrogate TRX1 binding. Thus, NLRP1 appears to detect intracellular reductive stress through a decrease in the fraction of intracellular oxidized TRX1, which enhances protein disorder, leading to inflammasome signaling. These findings link the cellular redox environment to NLRP1-mediated innate immunity.
Project description:The danger signals that activate the NLRP1 inflammasome have yet to be firmly established. NLRP1 undergoes autoproteolysis to generate N-terminal (NT) and C-terminal (CT) fragment, which importantly, is a necessary step for its check-point regulation by the DPP9 ternary complex and the mechanistic activation of NLRP1 through functional degradation. Here, we report an added layer of regulatory complexity to NLRP1 activity, in the form of a repressive interaction that NLRP1 forms with the oxidized, but not reduced, form of thioredoxin-1 (TRX1). Loss of TRX1 destabilizes the NT fragment of NLRP1 and promotes enhanced inflammasome activation. The TRX1 interaction occurs through the NACHT-LRR of NLRP1 and requires nucleotide binding in its ATPase domain. In addition, we found that several patient-derived and ATPase-inactivating mutations in the NACHT-LRR region hyperactive the inflammasome by destabilize protein folding and are also shown to abrogate TRX1 binding. Thus, NLRP1 appears to detect intracellular reductive stress through a decrease in the fraction of intracellular oxidized TRX1, which enhances protein disorder, leading to inflammasome signaling. These findings link the cellular redox environment to NLRP1-mediated innate immunity.