Secreted fungal effector triggers allergic inflammation via Toll-like receptor 4 to enable lethal infection
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ABSTRACT:
PROVIDER: PRJNA840930 | ENA |
REPOSITORIES: ENA
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Project description:Invasive fungal pathogens are major causes of human mortality and morbidity1,2. While numerous secreted effector proteins that reprogram innate immunity to promote virulence have been identified in pathogenic bacteria, there are no examples of analogous secreted effector proteins produced by human fungal pathogens. Cryptococcus neoformans, the most common cause of fungal meningitis and a major AIDS pathogen, induces a pathogenic type 2 response characterized by pulmonary eosinophilia and alternatively activated macrophages3-8. Here, we identify Cpl1 as an effector protein secreted by C. neoformans that drives alternative activation (also known as M2 polarization) of macrophages to enable pulmonary infection. We observed that Cpl1-enhanced macrophage polarization requires Toll-like receptor 4, best known as a receptor for bacterial endotoxin, but is also a poorly understood mediator of allergen-induced type 2 responses9-12. We show that this effect is due to Cpl1 itself and not contamination by lipopolysaccharide. Cpl1 is essential for virulence, drives polarization of interstitial macrophages in vivo, and requires type 2 cytokine signaling for its impact on infectivity. Strikingly, C. neoformans selectively associates with polarized interstitial macrophages during infection, suggesting a mechanism by which C. neoformans generates its own intracellular replication niche within the host. This work identifies a novel circuit whereby a secreted effector protein produced by a human fungal pathogen reprograms innate immunity, revealing an unexpected role for Toll-like receptor 4 in pathogenesis of infectious disease.
2022-08-12 | GSE203483 | GEO
Project description:Obesity is associated with severe, difficult to control asthma, and increased airway oxidative stress. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS) are an important source of oxidative stress leading us to hypothesize that targeting mROS in obese allergic asthma might be an effective treatment strategy. Using a mouse model of house dust mite (HDM) induced allergic airway disease in mice fed a low- (LFD) or high-fat diet (HFD), and the mitochondrial antioxidant MitoQuinone (MitoQ); we investigated the effects of obesity and mROS on airway inflammation, remodelling and airway hyperreactivity (AHR). HDM induces airway inflammation, remodelling and hyperreactivity in both lean and obese mice. Obese allergic mice showed increased lung tissue eotaxin levels, airway tissue eosinophilia and AHR when compared to lean allergic mice. MitoQ reduced markers of airway inflammation, remodelling and hyperreactivity in both lean and obese allergic mice, and tissue eosinophilia in obeseHDM mice. mROS regulates cell signalling by protein oxidation of multiple downstream targets: MitoQ reduced HDM-induced cysteine-sulfenylation of several proteins including those involved in the unfolded protein response (UPR). In summary, mROS mediates the development of allergic airway disease and hence MitoQ might be effective for the treatment for asthma, and specific features of obese asthma.
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Project description:The aim of this study is to investigate the interaction between diet - primary meat and fiber - and polymorphisms in Toll-like receptors in relation to risk of colorectal cancer in a Danish prospective cohort.
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Project description:Tissue morphogenesis requires the spatial control over actomyosin contractility to drive cell shape changes. How developmental patterning information controls cell mechanics is poorly understood. In the Drosophila embryo ectoderm, Myosin-II is enriched at the interface between antero-posterior neighboring cells, leading to planar polarized cell intercalation. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are required for planar polarized Myosin-II activation at junctions and Toll receptors provide a positional code underlying this process. How Toll receptors polarize actomyosin contractility remains unknown. Here we report that cells expressing different levels of a single Toll receptor Toll-8 activate Myosin-II at their interface. Surprisingly, the Toll-8 intracellular domain is not required for signaling at cell interfaces suggesting signaling by proxy. We found that Toll-8 forms a molecular complex with the adhesion GPCR Cirl/Latrophilin that is required for Toll-8 dependent junctional Myosin-II activation. Strikingly, the interfaces between Cirl expressing and cirl mutant cells also activate Myosin-II suggesting that Toll-8 induces Cirl asymmetric signaling at cell interfaces. We further showed that Toll-8 recruits Cirl both in trans and in cis, inducing asymmetric Cirl localization at the boundary of the Toll-8 expression domain. Finally, we found that Toll-8 and Cirl exhibit dynamic interdependent planar polarization when neighboring cells express different levels of Toll-8. Through this feedback, Toll-8 and Cirl self-organize planar polarized signaling.
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Project description:The Drosophila Taiman (Tai) protein is homologous to the human steroid-receptor coactivators SRC1-3 and activates transcription in complex with the 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) receptor (EcR). Tai has roles in intestinal homeostasis, germline maintenance, cell motility and proliferation through interactions with EcR and the coactivator Yorkie (Yki). Tai also promotes invasion of tumor cells in adjacent organs, but this pro-invasive mechanism is undefined. Here we show that Tai expression transforms sessile pupal wing cells into an invasive mass that penetrates the adjacent thorax during a period of high 20E. Candidate analysis confirms a reliance on elements of the 20E and Hippo pathways, such as Yki and the Yki-Tai target dilp8. Screening the Tai-induced wing transcriptome detects enrichment for innate immune factors, including the Spätzle (Spz) family of secreted Toll ligands that induce apoptosis during cell competition. Tai-expressing wing cells induce immune signaling and apoptosis among adjacent thoracic cells, and genetic reduction of spz, Toll or the rpr/hid/grim pro-apoptotic factors each suppresses invasion, suggesting an intercellular Spz-Toll circuit supports killing-mediated invasion. Modeling these interactions in larval epithelia confirms that Tai kills neighboring cells via a mechanism involving Toll, Spz factors, and the Spz-inhibitor Necrotic. Tai-expressing cells evade death signals by repressing the immune deficiency (IMD) pathway, which operates in parallel to Toll to control NFkB activity, and independently regulates JNK activity. In sum, these findings suggest that Tai promotes competitive cell killing via Spz-Toll, and that this killing mechanism supports pathologic intertissue invasion in Drosophila.
2020-06-15 | GSE133307 | GEO
Project description:Mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils play an important role in allergic disorders as effector cells. These cells secrete abundant serine proteases as well as chemical mediators and cytokines. Various serine proteases including SLPI are also important for to regulate an allergic response in these effector cells, although the expression profiles and functions of these proteases still remain unclear. We carried out DNA microarrays to clarify the role of SLPI in allergic responses.
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Project description:Birch pollen is a significant cause of allergic rhinitis, yet the mechanisms of sensitization is to be understood completely. Here, we investigate the changes in gene expression of birch pollen allergic and non-allergic individuals that occur as a result of nasal provocation with birch pollen.
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Project description:IgE-binding monocytes are a rare peripheral immune cell type involved in the allergic response through binding of IgE on their surface. IgE-binding monocytes are present in both healthy and allergic individuals. We performed RNA sequencing to ask how the function of IgE-binding monocytes differs in the context of allergy. Using a large animal model of allergy, equine Culicoides hypersensitivity, we compared the transcriptome of IgE-binding monocytes in allergic and non-allergic horses at two seasonal timepoints: (i) when allergic animals were clinical healthy, in the winter “Remission Phase”, and (ii) during chronic disease, in the summer “Clinical Phase”. Most transcriptional differences between allergic and non-allergic horses occurred only during the “Remission Phase”, suggesting principal differences in monocyte function even in the absence of allergen exposure. F13A1, a subunit of fibrinoligase, was significantly upregulated at both timepoints in allergic horses. This suggested a role for increased fibrin deposition in the coagulation cascade to promote allergic inflammation. IgE-binding monocytes also downregulated CCR10 expression in allergic horses during the “Clinical Phase”, suggesting a defect in maintenance of skin homeostasis, which further promotes allergic inflammation. Together, this transcriptional analysis provides valuable clues into the mechanisms used by IgE-binding monocytes in allergic individuals.
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Project description:Prevalence and severity of allergic diseases have increased worldwide. To date, respiratory allergy phenotypes are not fully characterized and, along with inflammation progression, treatment is increasingly complex and expensive. Profilin sensitization constitutes a good model to study the progression of allergic inflammation. We have used microarrays to understand the underlying mechanisms of severe profilin-mediated reactions using a model that includes patients with different levels of sensitization to profilin (non-allergic, mild, moderate and severe)
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Project description:Analysis of nasal epithelial cells from adult patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis and from non allergic controls. Results provide insight into the molecular mechanisms associated with inflammatory responses in nasal mucosa. Total RNA was obtained from nasal epithelial cells of 7 seasonal allergic rhinitis patients and 5 non-allergic control subjects
2015-01-16 | E-GEOD-43523 | biostudies-arrayexpress