A targeted metabolomics approach reveals distinct metabolic patterns associated with different GOLD stages, KNGF profiles and SYS subtypes in COPD patients, highlighting unique mechanisms and pathways underlying various COPD classification systems.
Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive inflammatory disorder with rising global morbidity and mortality. Emerging evidence suggests that systemic metabolic alterations, particularly dyslipidemia, contribute to COPD pathogenesis. However, the mechanisms link...