Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is an aggressive malignancy often associated with gallstones (GBCGS), a condition distinct from gallstone disease (GSD). Both GBC and GBCGS are rare, with unclear pathogenesis and no established biomarker-based solutions. This pilot study aimed to identify distinct metabo...
Gallstones are crystalline deposits in the gallbladder that are traditionally classified as cholesterol, pigment or mixed stones based on their composition. Microbiota and host metabolism variances among the different types of gallstones remain largely unclear. Here, the bile and gallstone microb...