Plant responses to leaf-mining insects are still poorly studied, especially in woody species. Robinia pseudoacacia is widely cultivated in Ukraine, where it is not native. There, the trees are facing increasing damage from the likewise introduced leaf miner species Parectopa robiniel...

Gregarines are usually classified as parasites, but recent studies suggest that they should be viewed on a parasitism-mutualism spectrum and may even be seen as part of the gut microbiota of host insects. As such, they may also impact the consumption of their hosts and/or be involved in the diges...