Transcriptional response of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) after primary versus secondary exposure to Infectious Salmon Anemia Virus (ISAV)
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ABSTRACT: Following an infection with a specific pathogen, the acquired immune system of many teleostean fish, including salmonids, is known to retain a specific memory of the infectious agent, which protects the host against subsequent infections. For example Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), which have survived an infection with a low-virulence infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV) isolate are less susceptible against subsequent infections with high-virulence ISAV isolates. A greater understanding of the mechanisms and immunological components involved in this acquired protection against ISAV is fundamental for the development of efficacious vaccines and treatments against this pathogen. To better understand the immunity components involved in this observed resistance, we have used an Atlantic salmon DNA microarray and RT-qPCR assays to study the global gene expression responses of preexposed Atlantic salmon (fish having survived an infection with a low-virulence ISAV isolate) during the course of a secondary infection with a high-virulence ISAV isolate Atlantic salmon which had survived a primary infection with a low-virulence ISAV isolate (preexposed H5R fish) were reinfected by cohabitation (H5Rc fish) or IP injection (H5Rip fish) with a high-virulence ISAV isolate and compared to preexposed H5R fish non-reinfected and naïve Atlantic salmon infected by cohabitation (Nc fish) with the high-virulence ISAV isolate using 4x44k Agilent arrays. H5Rc fish (n~6) and Nc fish (n~6) were sampled at 20d, 23d, 29d, 41d and 63d following the infection, while H5Rip fish (n~6) were sampled at 6h, 24h, 3d, 10d, 20d and 63d. Microarrays were performed using a 1-color approach
Project description:Following an infection with a specific pathogen, the acquired immune system of many teleostean fish, including salmonids, is known to retain a specific memory of the infectious agent, which protects the host against subsequent infections. For example Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), which have survived an infection with a low-virulence infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV) isolate are less susceptible against subsequent infections with high-virulence ISAV isolates. A greater understanding of the mechanisms and immunological components involved in this acquired protection against ISAV is fundamental for the development of efficacious vaccines and treatments against this pathogen. To better understand the immunity components involved in this observed resistance, we have used an Atlantic salmon DNA microarray and RT-qPCR assays to study the global gene expression responses of preexposed Atlantic salmon (fish having survived an infection with a low-virulence ISAV isolate) during the course of a secondary infection with a high-virulence ISAV isolate
Project description:This study was performed to investigate assess the impacts of CO and/or CM containing diets on Atlantic salmon hepatic gene expression in order to identify candidate molecular biomarkers of responses to camelina-containing diets. Atlantic salmon were fed diets with complete or partial replacement of FO and/or FM with camelina oil (CO) and/or camelina meal (CM) in a 16-week trial (Control diet: FO; Test diet: 100% FO replacement with CO, with solvent-extracted FM and inclusion of 10% CM (100COSEFM10CM). A 44K microarray experiment identified liver transcripts that responded to 100COSEFM10CM (associated with reduced growth) compared to FO controls at week 16. Atlantic salmon were fed for 16 weeks with the FO or 100COSEFM10CM diet (three tanks per diet). Liver samples were taken from 7 fish from each tank at week 16. A universal reference design was used for the microarray experiment. For the test samples, RNA was used from individual livers of fish from the 2 treatment groups: FO and 100COSEFM10CM. For each treatment group we used 9 biological replicates (3 fish from each of 3 tanks). All test samples were labeled with Cy5. The common reference was a pool of 18 RNA samples from livers of fish from all individuals invovled in microarray experiment. The common reference was labeled with Cy3. Each individual test sample was hybridized together with the common reference sample on an array, so the experiment consisted of 18 arrays
Project description:Renibacterium salmoninarum is a Gram-positive, intracellular bacterial pathogen that causes Bacterial Kidney Disease (BKD) in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). To identify Atlantic salmon genes responsive to R. salmoninarum pathogen, fish were intraperitoneally injected with R. salmoninarum (BKD) or sterile KDM-2 medium (control). Head kidney samples were collected at 13 days post-infection. Using 44K microarray analysis, transcriptome analysis was performed to identify differentially expressed probes in response to different levels of R. salmoninarum infection.
Project description:Infectious diseases among fish present an important economic burden for the aquaculture and fisheries industries around the world. For example, the infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV) is known to infect farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), and results in millions of dollars of lost revenue to salmon farmers. Although improved management and husbandry practices over the last few years have minimized the losses and the number of outbreaks, the risk of new virulent isolates emerging is still a looming threat to the viability and sustainability of this industry. An understanding of the host-pathogen interactions at the molecular level during the course of an infection thus remains of strategic importance for the development of molecular tools and efficient vaccines capable of minimizing losses in the eventual case of a new outbreak. Using a 32 k cDNA microarray platform (cGRASP), we have studied various signaling pathways and immune regulated genes, activated or repressed, in Atlantic salmon head-kidney during the course of an ISAV infection. Gene expressions were measured at 5 different time-points: 6h, 24h, 3d, 7d and 16d post infection to get an overall view of changes as they occurred in time. The earliest time points showed only a few differentially expressed genes in infected fish, relative to controls, although as time progressed, many additional genes involved in key defense pathways were up-regulated including MHC type I, beta-2 microglobulin, TRIM 25 and CC-chemokine 19. During the latest stage of the infection process, many genes related to oxygen transportation were under-expressed, which correlates well with the anemia observed prior to death in Atlantic salmon infected with virulent strains of ISAV. Atlantic salmon smolts from 2 families of Atlantic salmon were IP injected with either 0.1mL of 10e5 TCID50 mL-1 of virus or 0.1mL of sham solution (L15 culture medium) and divided equally in four 1000 L tanks: 2 duplicate tanks containing ISAV injected fish and 2 duplicate control tanks containing sham solution injected fish. Four fish per family were sampled immediately prior to injection. An additional two fish per family per tank (four fish per family total) were sampled at 6h, 24h, 3d, 7d and 16d post injection. Head-kidney was dissected from each fish and used for microarray analysis. ISAV infected Atlantic salmon were compared to non-infected Atlantic salmon for each time-point.
Project description:Simple cost-effective bacterins are the earliest and most successfully used commercial vaccines in fish. In particular, those prepared from Yersinia ruckeri have proven effective at controlling Enteric Red Mouth Disease (ERM) and yersiniosis in rainbow trout and Atlantic salmon, respectively. However, the emergence of outbreaks of ERM caused by atypical biotypes of Y. ruckeri and reports of vaccine failure resulting in mass mortality of hatchery Atlantic salmon has reinvigorated interest in vaccines against fish bacterial diseases. Therefore the objective of this study was to identify surrogates of protection against yersiniosis using cDNA microarray to characterise the response of host genes in the gills of unvaccinated and vaccinated Atlantic salmon challenged with Y. ruckeri. Differentially expressed genes were identified using two-way ANOVA and restricted to those with >2.5-fold change at P<0.05. Using cDNA microarray we identified the expression of 6 genes in response to infection and 4 genes associated with the protective host response to yersiniosis. Analysis by real-time PCR confirmed that three immunologically relevant genes, namely a cathelicidin (47-fold) and a C-type lectin (19-fold) increased in response to yersiniosis. Including collagenase (17-fold increase), an important tissue remodelling and repair enzyme, these genes represent 3 of 6 non-protective and/or pathological responses to yersiniosis. Genes associated with the protective host response included an immunoglobulin gene and a selenoprotein that showed significant fold changes (15-fold increases each), highlighting the importance of antibody-mediated protection against yersiniosis. These findings provide much needed knowledge of the host-pathogen interaction in response to bacterial infection and immunisation in fish. Significantly, we identified a transcriptional biosignature consisting of predominantly immune-relevant genes (14 up and 3 down-regulated) in the gills of Atlantic salmon after immersion vaccination and before bacterial challenge. This biosignature may be used as a surrogate of protection and therefore as a predictor of vaccine success against yersiniosis. 36 microarray slides representing 6 individual fish (biological replicates) at 0 h (pre-challenge), 8 h, and 72 h post-challenge from both vaccinated and unvaccinated fish. Two-colour array using sample cDNA labelled with Cy5 and a common reference aRNA labelled with Cy3 hybridized to each slide.
Project description:Salmon pancreas disease, caused by salmonid alphavirus (SAV), is an economically important disease affecting farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in Europe, with outbreaks reported in Scotland, Norway, and Ireland. A microarray-based study was performed to evaluate the host transcriptomic response during the early stages of an experimentally induced salmonid alphavirus 1 (SAV 1) infection in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) Head kidney was sampled from five fish PD infected Atlantic salmon parr and uninfected controls on days 1, 3 and 5 post injection (d.p.i). RNA from tissue samples was amplified and interrogated using the 17k TRAITS / SGP cDNA microarray, with results validated by SYBR green real-time PCR. The greatest number of significantly differentially expressed genes was recorded on day 3 p.i. These were found to be mainly associated with immune and defence mechanisms including genes involved in interferon I & II pathways and major histocompatibility complex class I & II responses. The expression of genes associated with apoptosis (BcL2 and caspase 3/7) and cellular stress (heat shock protein) were also found to differ significantly between infected and uninfected individuals as were genes involved in inhibiting viral attachment and replication, such as ubiquitin, serum myeloid, and and viperin.
Project description:Single cell proteins, such as Candida utilis, are known to have immunomodulating effects in the distal intestine (DI) of Atlantic salmon, whereas soybean meal (SBM) can cause soybean meal induce enteritis (SBMIE). Inflammatory or immunomodulatory stimuli at the local level in the intestine may alter the plasma protein profile of Atlantic salmon. These changes can be helpful tools in diagnosis for fish diseases and indicators for fish health. The present work aimed to identify local intestinal tissue responses and changes in plasma protein profiles of Atlantic salmon fed C. utilis yeast, SBM, or combined diets. Fish meal (FM) based diet was used as a control diet and the six experimental diets were: FM diet with 200 g/kg C. utilis (FM200CU) and five diets containing 200 g/kg SBM together with 0 (SBM group), 25, 50, 100 or 200 g/kg C. utilis (SBM25CU, SBM50CU, SBM100CU and SBM200CU groups, respectively). Intestine morphology of fish fed FM200CU where not affected whereas SBM group presented changes characteristic of SBMIE. Low inclusion of C. utilis in SBM diet showed a modulation of immune cell populations, but did not alleviate inflammatory symptom.
Project description:Piscirickettsia salmonis, the biological agent of SRS (Salmon Rickettsial Syndrome), is a facultative intracellular bacterium that can be divided into two genogroups (LF-89 and EM-90) with different virulence levels and patterns. There are studies that have found co-infection of these genogroups in salmonid farms in Chile, but it is essential to assess whether this competitive interaction within the host is related to virulence and changes in pathogen dynamics. In this work, we studied one isolate from each genogroup, EM-90 and LF-89 . The aim was to evaluate how co-cultures could affect their growth performance and virulence factors expression at in vivo cultures in Atlantic salmon. During in vivo co-cultures, transcriptomic analysis revealed an upregulation of transposases, flagellum-related genes (fliI and flgK), transporters and permeases that could unveil novel virulence effectors used in the early infection process of P. salmonis. Thus, our work has shown that the cohabitation of the genogroups of P. salmonis can modulate their behavior and virulence effectors expression. These data can contribute to new strategies and approaches to improve current health treatments against this salmonid bacterium.
Project description:Transcriptomics ananlysis of olfactory organs of Atlantic salmon. Controls/untreated (C) fish were compared to fish that were exposed to low (L) or high (H) concentrations of hydrogen sulphide.
Project description:The parasitic amoeba, Neoparamoeba perurans is the causative agent of Amoebic Gill Disease in salmonids. The parasite has previously been reported to lose virulence during prolonged in vitro maintenance. In this study, the impact of prolonged culture on N. perurans virulence and its proteome was investigated. Three isolates of N. perurans maintained in culture for varying durations were compared. Two isolates, attenuated and virulent, had their virulence assessed in an experimental trial using Atlantic salmon smolts and their bacterial community composition was evaluated by 16S rRNA Illumina MiSeq sequencing. Soluble proteins were isolated from a newly acquired, virulent and attenuated N. perurans culture and were analysed using two-dimensional electrophoresis (2D PAGE) coupled with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). An experimental challenge trial using Atlantic salmon smolts confirmed a loss in virulence in an N. perurans culture that was maintained in vitro for 3 years. A greater diversity of bacterial communities was found in the microbiome of the virulent isolate harbouring predominant genera belonging to Pseudoaltermonas spp, Vibrio spp and Fluviicola spp. Microbial community richness was reduced in the attenuated microbiome, with a singular species, Thalassopira xiamenensis, representing a large proportion of its microbiome. A collated proteome database of N. perurans, Amoebozoa and four bacterial genera resulted in 24 proteins differentially expressed between the three cultures. The present LC-MS/MS results indicate protein synthesis, oxidative stress and the plausible occurrence of immunomodulation are ultimately upregulated in a newly acquired N. perurans culture and future studies may exploit these protein identifications for therapeutic purposes in infected farmed fish.