Unknown,Transcriptomics,Genomics,Proteomics

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Novel Targets of the Transcription Factor Sox9 in Neonatal Mouse Limb

ABSTRACT: Sox9 is an SRY-related transcription factor required for expression of cartilaginous matrix genes in the developing skeletal system and heart valve structures. In contrast to positively regulating formation of cartilaginous matrix, Sox9 has also been shown to negatively regulate matrix mineralization associated with bone formation. While the transcriptional activation of Sox9 target genes during chondrogenesis has been well studied, the mechanisms by which Sox9 represses osteogenic processs are not so clear. To address this, we performed a genome-wide Sox9 ChIP-on-chip approach using neonatal mouse lim tissue. Chromatin immunoprecipitation was performed with pooled Sox9 antibodies and normal rabbit IgG as control using neonatal mouse limb tissue. Samples include Sox9 IP and IgG IP.

ORGANISM(S): Mus musculus

SUBMITTER: Joy Lincoln

PROVIDER: E-GEOD-29058 | biostudies-arrayexpress |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-arrayexpress

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Project description:Vascular calcification and increased extracellular matrix (ECM) stiffness are hallmarks of vascular ageing. Sox9 (SRY-Box Transcription Factor 9) is a master regulator of chondrogenesis, also expressed in the vasculature, that has been implicated in vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) osteo-chondrogenic conversion. Here, we investigated the relationship between vascular ageing, calcification and Sox9-driven ECM regulation in VSMCs. Immunohistochemistry in human aortic samples showed that Sox9 was not spatially associated with vascular calcification but correlated with the senescence marker p16. Analysis of Sox9 expression in vitro showed it was mechanosensitive with increased expression and nuclear translocation in senescent cells and on stiff matrices. Manipulation of Sox9 via overexpression and depletion, combined with atomic force microscopy (AFM) and proteomics, revealed that Sox9 regulates ECM stiffness and organisation by orchestrating changes in collagen expression and reducing VSMC contractility, leading to the formation of an ECM that mirrored that of senescent cells. These ECM changes promoted phenotypic modulation of VSMCs whereby senescent cells plated onto ECM synthesized from cells depleted of Sox9 returned to a proliferative state, while proliferating cells on a matrix produced by Sox9 expressing cells showed reduced proliferation and increased DNA damage, reiterating features of senescent cells. Procollagen-lysine, 2-oxoglutarate 5-dioxygenase 3 (LH3) was identified as a Sox9 target, and key regulator of ECM stiffness. LH3 is packaged into extracellular vesicles (EVs) and Sox9 promoted EV secretion, leading to increased LH3 deposition within the ECM. These findings identify cellular senescence and Sox9 as a key regulators of ECM stiffness during VSMC ageing and highlight a crucial role for ECM structure and composition in regulating VSMC phenotype. We identify a positive feedback cycle whereby cellular senescence and increased ECM stiffening promote Sox9 expression which drives further ECM modifications that act to accelerate vascular stiffening and cellular senescence.

Project description:Interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) is a master transcription factor required for the maturation of germinal center B cells that eventually develop into antibody secreting plasma cells and memory B cells. IRF4-deficient mice exhibit a profound reduction in serum immunoglobulin levels. In spite of wealth of the information relating to IRF4 and B cell biology, little is known about the intricate molecular details of the role of this transcription factor during B cell development. We therefore examined the genome-wide targets of IRF4 by ChIP-chip analysis in GC derived BL2 Burkittâ??s lymphoma cells. ChIP studies were further supplemented by whole genome expression analysis after shRNA-mediated knockdown of IRF4. Our study revealed that IRF4 regulates expression of genes important for a) BCR signaling b) antigen processing and presentation by MHC. In addition we found that IRF4 possibly in some way involved to regulate LTA, LTB and CXCR5 those involved in immune system development, particularly light zone development related genes such as FDC clustering regulating and IL21R and IL10 who are involved in B cell development.. On the other hand, IRF4 suppressesd genes in the oxidative phosphorylation pathway. Our findings illuminate hitherto unexplored roles of IRF4 in GC B cell development. ChIP-chip was performed following the protocols described before [Lian Z, et al.,Genome Res. 18: 1224, 2008] with slight modifications. Briefly, 3X10^8 BL2 cells were cross-linked in 1% formaldehyde for 10 mins at room temperature and then the cells were lysed in RIPA buffer(0.1% SDS) containing protease inhibitors(Roche Inc) . Cell suspensions were sonicated under ice-cold conditions using a Branson 250 Sonifier (Branson, Danbury, CT) with a power setting 60%, fifteen 30-sec pulses on ice to shear the chromatin to a size of approximately 300-500b. Anti-IRF4 antibody (sc6059 Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA) or normal pre-immune mouse serum IgG as a control were added to the suspensions. The suspension was incubated at 4C rotating overnight to allow the antibodies to bind to DNA fragments. Protein G beads were added next day and incubated at 4C with gentle agitation for 1 hr. The antibodyâ??DNA complexes were eluted from the beads by 1% SDS in TE incubated at 65Â°C. The beads were sedemented by centrifugation, and the supernatants were incubated overnight at 65Â°C to reverse the cross-linking in the chromatin-protein complex. RNA contamination was eliminated by incubating the samples with 200 mg of Rnase for 1 hour at 37Â°C. Finally, proteinase K (400 Î¼g of proteinase K/mL, 1X TE) was added, and the samples were incubated for 2 h at 45Â°C, followed by a phenol/chloroform/isoamyl alcohol extraction and ethanol precipitation to recover the DNA. Immunoprecipitated DNA was analyzed by PCR for the enriched factor binding at target sequences. In some cases we did LM-PCR, about 20-100ng of the ChIP-DNA was blunt-ended by T4 DNA polymerase (New England Biolabs, Boston MA), then ligated with pre-annealed oligonucleotide linkers (oligo-1: GCGGTGACCCGGGAGATCTGAATTC, oligo-2: GAATTCAGATC) using T4 DNA ligase (New England Biolabs) at 16Â°C overnight. The ligated DNA was further amplified by PCR with oligo-1 as a PCR primer, followed by purification using the Qiaquick PCR purification kit (Qiagen). We used Nimblegen high density promoter arrays based on human genome HG17 (Nimblegen System INC. Reykjavik Iceland).Taq Mastermix (QIAGEN) was used for PCR amplification under the following reaction conditions: 5 min at 94Â°C, 30 cycles of 30 sec at 94Â°C, 30 sec at 53Â°C, 30 sec at 72Â°C, and 10 min at 72Â°C. PCR products were analyzed by gel electrophoresis. DNA samples to be hybridized to microarrays were labeled by random priming with nonamer oligonucleotides attached to Cy3 or Cy5 dyes. Control samples for the chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments were total genomic DNA prepared from chromatin cross-linked and precipitated by the same procedure as the test sample but with non-specific IgG.. Test samples were labeled with Cy5 and applied to the same chip as the Cy3-labeled control sample. ChIP DNA samples were randomly primed with Cy3 and Cy5 random nonomers or septamers and the labeled fragments were hybridized to the promoter arrays. Data analysis was carried out by Tilescope [Lian Z, et al.,Genome Res. 18: 1224, 2008] and Integrated Genome Browser (IGB). Nimblegen ChIP-chip data were processed by automated Tilescope analysis [Zhang ZD, et al., Genome Biol. 8: R81, 2007]. The program normalizes Cy3 and Cy5 files of the tiling array results and identifies regions with statistically significant binding enrichment. Visualization and further analysis of the data were carried out using the IGB program (http://www.affymetrix.com/partners_programs/programs/developer/tools/download_igb.affx) and Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (http://david.abcc.ncifcrf.gov/summary.jsp).