Metabolomics,Unknown,Transcriptomics,Genomics,Proteomics

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Adaptation to transposon invasion in Drosophila melanogaster

ABSTRACT: Transposons evolve rapidly and can mobilize and trigger genetic instability. piRNAs silence these genome pathogens, but it is unclear how the piRNA pathway adapts to new transposons. In Drosophila piRNAs, encoded by heterochromatic clusters are maternally deposited in the embryo. Paternally inherited P-element transposons thus escape silencing and trigger a genetic instability and sterility. We show that this syndrome, termed P-M hybrid dysgenesis, also disrupts the piRNA biogenesis machinery and activates resident transposons. As dysgenic hybrids age, however, fertility is restored, P-elements are silenced, and P-element piRNAs are produced de novo. In addition, the piRNA biogenesis machinery is restored and resident elements are silenced. Significantly, new resident transposons insertions accumulate in piRNA clusters, and these new insertions are transmitted to progeny with high fidelity, produce novel piRNAs, and are associated with reduced transposition. P-M hybrid dysgenesis thus leads to heritable changes in chromosome structure that appear to enhance transposon silencing. 3 replicates of each sample (Har 2-4 days, w1 x Har 2-4 days, w1 x Har 21 days), total RNA samples hybridized to tiling array.

ORGANISM(S): Drosophila melanogaster

SUBMITTER: Jie Wang

PROVIDER: E-GEOD-31813 | biostudies-arrayexpress |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-arrayexpress

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Project description:The piRNA pathway is studied in great detail in Drosophila female germline. In this study we show that unlike the female germline where all Piwi proteins are expressed throughout oogenesis, Ago3 - a Piwi family protein shows a spatial expression male germline. To understand dynamics of piRNA pathway during spermatogonia and primary spermatocyte stages of male germline development, we used arrest mutants. The bag of marbles (bam) and benign gonial cell neoplasm (bgcn) mutants have only early mitotic dividing germline cells in the testes due to failure to progress to primary spermatocyte stage, the cannonball (can) and spermatocyte arrest (sa) mutant germline cells cannot progress beyond primary spermatocyte stage. To investigate the dynamics of the piRNA pathway during spermatogenesis in spermatogonia and primary spermatocyte stages, we used testicular tissues from these stage-specific arrested mutants. While we used entire bam and bgcn mutant testes for spermatogonia purification, we while we manually removed the apical regions of can and sa mutant testes to exclude mitotically dividing undifferentiated germline cells for primary spermatocytes purification. Our results show that piRNAs mapping to transposons are more abundant in spermatogonia, whereas those mapping to Suppressor of Stellate [Su(Ste)] and AT-chX are mostly expressed in primary spermatocytes. Furthermore we observed that transposon-mapping piRNAs with ping-pong signature are more abundant in spermatogonia albeit still detectable in primary spermatocytes where Ago3 is not expressed. These results suggest that robust piRNA production via ping-pong cycle takes place in spermatogonia, and to a lesser extent in primary spermatocytes even in the absence of Ago3. Consistently, piRNAs from ago3 mutant testes also exhibit the ping-pong signature, confirming that a non-canonical ping-pong cycle is acting during spermatogenesis. Our study provides a developmental dimension to the piRNA pathway and uncovers a new mechanism used in the male germline to silence transposons. The difference in piRNA from spermatogonia and primary spermatocyte stages was studied by comparing small RNAs from bam and bgcn mutant testis, which represent spermatogonia stages with the small RNAs from apex removed can and sa testis, representing primary spermatocyte stages. In the study we also studied effect of loss of Piwi family proteins Aub and Ago3, which have different spatial expression during male germline development.

Project description:Although small RNAs efficiently control transposition activity of most transposons in the host genome, such immune system is not always applicable against new transposon's invasions. Here we explored a possibility to introduce potentially mobile copy of the Penelope retroelement previously implicated in hybrid dysgenesis syndrome in Drosophila virilis into the genomes of two distant Drosophila species. The consequences of such introduction were monitored at different phases after experimental colonization as well as in D. virilis species which is apparently in the process of ongoing Penelope invasion. We investigated the expression of Penelope and biogenesis of Penelope-derived small RNAs in D. virilis and D. melanogaster strains originally lacking active copies of this element after experimental Penelope invasion. These strains were transformed by constructs containing intact Penelope copies. We show that immediately after transformation, which imitates the first stage of retroelement invasion, Penelope undergoes transposition predominantly in somatic tissues, and may produce siRNAs that are apparently unable to completely silence its activity. However, at the later stages of colonization Penelope copies may jump into one of the piRNA-clusters, which results in production of homologous piRNAs that are maternally deposited and can silence euchromatic transcriptionally active copies of Penelope in trans and, hence, prevent further amplification of the invader in the host genome. Intact Penelope copies and different classes of Penelope-derived small RNAs were found in most geographical strains of D. virilis collected throughout the world. Importantly, all strains of this species containing full-length Penelope tested do not produce gonadal sterility in dysgenic crosses and, hence, exhibit neutral cytotype. In order to understand whether RNA interference mechanism able to target Penelope operates in related species of the virilis group we correlated the presence of full-length and potentially active Penelope with the occurrence of piRNAs homologous to this TE in the ovaries of species comprising the group. It was demonstrated, that Penelope-derived piRNAs are present in all virilis group species containing full-length but transcriptionally silent copies of this element that probably represent the remnants of its previous invasions taking place in the course of the virilis species divergent evolution. piRNA size profile (23-29nt) was examined in D. melanogaster strains, where Penelope-piRNAs are detected by Northern blot

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Adaptation to transposon invasion in Drosophila melanogaster

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