Metabolomics,Unknown,Transcriptomics,Genomics,Proteomics

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Expression data from menadione, PERK inhibitor, or control-treated HMLE-shGFP and HMLE-Twist human mammary epithelial cells

ABSTRACT: Malignant carcinomas that recur following therapy are typically de-differentiated and multi-drug resistant (MDR). De-differentiated cancer cells acquire MDR by upregulating reactive oxygen species (ROS)-scavenging enzymes and drug efflux pumps, but how these genes are upregulated in response to de-differentiation is not known. Here, we examine this question by using global transcriptional profiling to identify ROS-induced genes that are already upregulated in de-differentiated cells, even in the absence of oxidative damage. Using this approach, we found that the Nrf2 transcription factor, which is the master regulator of cellular response to oxidative stress, is pre-activated in de-differentiated cells. In de-differentiated cells, Nrf2 is not activated by oxidation but rather through a non-canonical mechanism involving its phosphorylation by the ER membrane kinase PERK. In contrast, differentiated cells require oxidative damage to activate Nrf2. Constitutive PERK-Nrf2 signaling protects de-differentiated cells from chemotherapy by reducing ROS levels and increasing drug efflux. These findings are validated in therapy-resistant basal breast cancer cell lines and animal models, where inhibition of the PERK-Nrf2 signaling axis reversed the MDR of de-differentiated cancer cells. Additionally, analysis of patient tumor datasets showed that a PERK pathway signature correlates strongly with chemotherapy resistance, tumor grade, and overall survival. Collectively, these results indicate that de-differentiated cells upregulate MDR genes via PERK-Nrf2 signaling, and suggest that targeting this pathway could sensitize drug-resistant cells to chemotherapy. Differentiated human breast epithelial cells (HMLE-shGFP) or de-differentiated cells (HMLE-Twist) were treated in culture with 40uM menadione for 2 hours or 1uM PERK inhibitor for 48 hours and compared to control DMSO-treated cells.

ORGANISM(S): Homo sapiens

SUBMITTER: Catherine Del Vecchio

PROVIDER: E-GEOD-59780 | biostudies-arrayexpress |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-arrayexpress

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Project description:Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is an important clinical problem. Here we used a genomics approach to establish the critical drug-induced toxicity pathways that act in synergy with the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF) to cause cell death of liver HepG2 cells. Transcriptomics of the cell injury stress response pathways initiated by two hepatoxicants, diclofenac and carbamazepine, revealed the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress/translational initiation signaling and Nrf2 antioxidant signaling as two major affected pathways, which was similar to that observed for the majority of ~80 DILI compounds in primary human hepatocytes. The ER stress was primarily related to PERK and ATF4 activation and subsequent expression of CHOP, which was all independent of TNFÎ± signaling. Identical ATF4 dependent transcriptional programs were observed in primary human hepatocytes as well as primary precision cut human liver slices. Targeted RNA interference studies revealed that while ER stress signaling through IRE1Î± and ATF6 acted cytoprotective, activation of the ER stress protein kinase PERK and subsequent expression of CHOP was pivotal for the onset of drug/TNF-induced apoptosis. While inhibition of the Nrf2-dependent adaptive oxidative stress response enhanced the drug/TNF cytotoxicity, Nrf2 signaling did not affect CHOP expression. Both hepatotoxic drugs enhanced expression of the translational initiation factor EIF4A1, which was essential for CHOP expression and drug/TNF-mediated cell killing. Our data support a model in which enhanced drug-induced translation initiates PERK-mediated CHOP signaling in an EIF4A1 dependent manner, thereby sensitizing towards caspase-8-dependent TNF induced apoptosis. We sought to determine the effect of co-exposure of certain drugs associated with idiosyncratic DILI with the cytokine TNFalpha to mimic drug exposure with inflammation signaling in HepG2 cells Human hepatoma HepG2 cells were obtained from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Wesel, Germany), cultured in DMEM supplemented with 10% (v/v) FBS, 25 U/mL penicillin and 25 Âµg/mL streptomycin and used for experiments between passage 5 and 20.

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Expression data from menadione, PERK inhibitor, or control-treated HMLE-shGFP and HMLE-Twist human mammary epithelial cells

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