Metabolomics,Unknown,Transcriptomics,Genomics,Proteomics

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A Basal Stem Cell Signature Identifies Aggressive Prostate Cancer Phenotypes

ABSTRACT: Aggressive cancers and normal stem cells often share similar molecular and functional traits. It is unclear if aggressive phenotypes of prostate cancer molecularly resemble normal stem cells residing within the human prostate. We performed high-throughput RNA sequencing on uncultured, highly purified epithelial populations from human prostates obtained after radical prostatectomy. We found the basal population to be defined by genes associated with developmental programs, epigenetic remodeling, and invasiveness. We further generated a 91-gene basal signature and applied it to gene expression datasets from patients with organ-confined or castration-resistant, metastatic prostate cancer. Metastatic prostate cancer was more enriched for the basal stem cell signature than organ-confined prostate cancer. Moreover, histological subtypes within prostate cancer metastases varied in their enrichment of the stem cell signature with small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma being the most stem cell-like. Bioinformatic analysis of the basal cell and two human small cell gene signatures identified a set of E2F target genes common to all three signatures. These results suggest that the most aggressive variants of prostate cancer share a core transcriptional program with normal prostate basal stem cells. Transcriptional analysis of 10 uncultured prostatic basal and luminal populations from either the benign or malignant prostate tissue of 8 human prostate cancer patients by high-throughput RNA-seq

ORGANISM(S): Homo sapiens

SUBMITTER: Bryan Smith

PROVIDER: E-GEOD-82071 | biostudies-arrayexpress |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-arrayexpress

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Project description:Current protocols for the screening of prostate cancer cannot accurately discriminate clinically indolent tumors from more aggressive ones. One reliable indicator of outcome has been the determination of organ-confined versus nonorgan-confined disease but even this determination is often only made following prostatectomy. This underscores the need to explore alternate avenues to enhance outcome prediction of prostate cancer patients. Fluids that are proximal to the prostate, such as expressed prostatic secretions (EPS), are attractive sources of potential prostate cancer biomarkers as these fluids likely bathe the tumor. Direct-EPS samples from 16 individuals with extracapsular (n = 8) or organ-confined (n = 8) prostate cancer were used as a discovery cohort, and were analyzed in duplicate by a nine-step MudPIT on a LTQ-Orbitrap XL mass spectrometer. A total of 624 unique proteins were identified by at least two unique peptides with a 0.2% false discovery rate. A semiquantitative spectral counting algorithm identified 133 significantly differentially expressed proteins in the discovery cohort. Integrative data mining prioritized 14 candidates, including two known prostate cancer biomarkers: prostate-specific antigen and prostatic acid phosphatase, which were significantly elevated in the direct-EPS from the organ-confined cancer group. These and five other candidates (SFN, MME, PARK7, TIMP1, and TGM4) were verified by Western blotting in an independent set of direct-EPS from patients with biochemically recurrent disease (n = 5) versus patients with no evidence of recurrence upon follow-up (n = 10). Lastly, we performed proof-of-concept SRM-MS-based relative quantification of the five candidates using unpurified heavy isotope-labeled synthetic peptides spiked into pools of EPS-urines from men with extracapsular and organ-confined prostate tumors. This study represents the first efforts to define the direct-EPS proteome from two major subclasses of prostate cancer using shotgun proteomics and verification in EPS-urine by SRM-MS.

Project description:Castration-resistant prostate cancer is a lethal disease. The cell type(s) that survive androgen-deprivation remain poorly described despite global efforts to understand the various mechanisms of therapy resistance. We recently identified in wild type mouse prostates a rare population of luminal progenitor cells that we called LSCmed according to their FACS profile (Lin?/Sca-1+/CD49fmed). Here we investigated the prevalence and castration resistance of LSCmed in various mouse models of prostate tumorigenesis. In intact mice, we show that LSCmed prevalence remains low (5-10% of epithelial cells) when prostatic androgen receptor signaling unaltered (malignant Hi-Myc mice) but significantly increases in models exhibiting reduced prostatic androgen receptor signaling, rising up to 30% in premalignant tumors (Pb-PRL mice) and to >80% in castration-resistant prostate tumors driven by Pten loss (Ptenpc-/- mice). LSCmed tolerance to androgen deprivation was demonstrated by their persistence (Ptenpc-/-) or further enrichment (Pb-PRL) 2-3 weeks after castration as evidenced by FACS analysis. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that LSCmed represent a unique cell entity as their gene-expression profile is different from luminal and basal/stem cells, but shares markers of each. Their intrinsic androgen signaling is markedly decreased, which explains why LSCmed tolerate androgen-deprivation. This also enlightens why Ptenpc-/- tumors are castration-resistant since LSCmed represent the most prevalent cell type in this model. We validated CK4 as a specific marker for LSCmed on sorted cells and prostate tissues by immunostaining, allowing for the detection of LSCmed in various mouse prostate specimens. In castrated Ptenpc-/- prostates, BrdU staining revealed massive proliferation of CK4+ cells, further demonstrating their key role in castration-resistant prostate cancer progression. In all, this study identifies LSCmed as a probable source of prostate cancer relapse after androgen deprivation and as a new therapeutic target for the prevention of castrate-resistant prostate cancer.

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A Basal Stem Cell Signature Identifies Aggressive Prostate Cancer Phenotypes

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