Metabolomics,Unknown,Transcriptomics,Genomics,Proteomics

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High gene expression of inflammatory markers and IL-17A in Atlantic salmon vaccinated with oil-adjuvanted vaccines

ABSTRACT: Two decades after the introduction of oil-based vaccines in the control of bacterial and viral diseases in farmed salmonids, the mechanisms of induced side effects manifested as intra-abdominal granulomas remain unresolved. Side effects have been associated with generation of auto-antibodies and autoimmunity but underlying profile of the inflammatory and immune response has not been characterized. This study was undertaken with the aim to elucidate the inflammatory and immune mechanisms of granuloma formation at gene expression level associated with high and low side effect (granuloma) indices. Groups of Atlantic salmon parr were injected intraperitoneally with oil-adjuvanted vaccines containing either high or low concentrations of Aeromonas salmonicida or Moritella viscose antigens in order to induce polarized (severe and mild) granulomatous reactions. The established granulomatous reactions were confirmed by gross and histological methods at 3 months post vaccination when responses were known to have matured. The corresponding gene expression patterns in the head kidneys were profiled using salmonid cDNA microarrays followed by validation by real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR). qPCR was also used to examine the expression of additional genes known to be important in the adaptive immune response. Granulomatous lesions were observed in all vaccinated fish. Presence of severe granulomas were associated with a profile of up-regulation of innate immunity-related genes such as complement factors C1q and C6, mannose binding protein, lysozyme C, C-type lectin receptor, CD209, Cathepsin D, CD63, LECT-2, CC chemokine and metallothionein. In addition, IL-17A (Th17) was significantly up-regulated (p=0.009) in the group with severe granulomas as were arginase and IgM. None of the genes directly reflective of Th1 T cell lineage (IFN-γ, CD4) or Th2 (GATA-3) differentiation were differentially expressed. Granulomatous reactions following vaccination with oil-based vaccines in Atlantic salmon has the profile of strong expression of genes related to innate immune responses. The expression of IL-17A suggests an involvement of Th17 T cell lineage and is in conformity with strong infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages into inflamed areas. Arginase upregulation shows that macrophages in these reactions are alternatively activated, indicating a Th2-bias. To what extent the IL-17A profile reflects an autoimmune vaccine-based reaction remains elusive but would be in conformity with previous observations of autoimmune reactions in salmon vaccinated with oil-based vaccines. RNA from 12 head kidney samples (12 fish) per group were pooled into groups of 4. The RNA was amplified prior to hybridization to arrays. Three biological and 2 technical replicates (dye-swapped) were utilized in different combinations to hybridize to 18 arrays using RNA from fish with the least injection-site inflammatory reactions (FO-1) as the reference group. The assignment of microarrays to treatment groups for hybridization was randomised by using a random number generator. To minimize technical variability, target synthesis was done in batches of 6 where all treatment groups were equally represented.

ORGANISM(S): Salmo salar

SUBMITTER: Ben Koop

PROVIDER: E-GEOD-8826 | biostudies-arrayexpress |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-arrayexpress

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Project description:The exoskeleton gives to insects its shape, waterproofing and a range of other roles, besides serving as means of locomotion, the motor function being accomplished by the attachment of somatic muscles. Exoskeleton is renewed every time the insect molts under the control of ecdysteroid hormones. The last molt, which in the holometabolous transforms pupae in adults, involves biosynthesis of the definitive exoskeleton by the subjacent epidemis, followed by progressive differentiation. We used whole genome-based oligonucleotide microarray hybridization and RNA extracted from the honey bee thoracic dorsum, at three time-points of the pupal-to-adult molt, as a strategy to screen genes involved in exoskeleton formation. Gene ontology analysis separated the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in distinct Biological Processes and Molecular Functions dependently on the time-point approached, thus revealing the functional categories required for adult exoskeleton formation. Approximately 546 of a list of 1253 unique DEGs were up-regulated in the thoracic dorsum during adult cuticle formation, including 23 among the 24 identified cuticle protein (CP) genes, and 29 muscle-related genes. Conserved sequence motifs allowed to include the CP genes in the CPR, Tweedle, Apidermin, CPF, CPLCP1 and Analogous-to-Peritrophins families. Two genes, which do not pertain to any known CP families, were abundantly expressed in the epidermis during adult cuticle formation as shown by in situ hybridization, thus strongly suggesting that they are genuine CP genes. The search for cis-regulatory motifs in the 5M-bM-^@M-^Yuntranslated region of the DEGs revealed potential binding sites for known transcript factors. Several of them were shared by CP genes and thoracic muscle genes, thus allowing to infer that they are co-regulated during differentiation of the thoracic exoskeleton. Together, these data add new information on molecular aspects of exoskeleton formation in the context of the ecdysteroid-coordinated pupal-to-adult molt. The microarray experiments compared differential gene expression in the thoracic integuments of newly-ecdysed pupae (Pw phase), pupae-in-apolysis (Pp phase) and pharate-adults (Pbl phase) collected at the same time from a single honey bee colony. Two separate pools of 10 thoracic integuments each were prepared for each developmental phase (Pw, Pp and Pbl). Dye swaps were done for each comparison and two slides were used to evaluate the differential expression.

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High gene expression of inflammatory markers and IL-17A in Atlantic salmon vaccinated with oil-adjuvanted vaccines

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