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Dynamic optical response of solids following 1-fs-scale photoinjection.

ABSTRACT: Photoinjection of charge carriers profoundly changes the properties of a solid. This manipulation enables ultrafast measurements, such as electric-field sampling^1,2, advanced recently to petahertz frequencies^3-7, and the real-time study of many-body physics^8-13. Nonlinear photoexcitation by a few-cycle laser pulse can be confined to its strongest half-cycle^14-16. Describing the associated subcycle optical response, vital for attosecond-scale optoelectronics, is elusive when studied with traditional pump-probe metrology as the dynamics distort any probing field on the timescale of the carrier, rather than that of the envelope. Here we apply field-resolved optical metrology to these dynamics and report the direct observation of the evolving optical properties of silicon and silica during the first few femtoseconds following a near-1-fs carrier injection. We observe that the Drude-Lorentz response forms within several femtoseconds-a time interval much shorter than the inverse plasma frequency. This is in contrast to previous measurements in the terahertz domain^8,9 and central to the quest to speed up electron-based signal processing.

SUBMITTER: Zimin DA

PROVIDER: S-EPMC10247381 | biostudies-literature | 2023 Jun

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Dynamic optical response of solids following 1-fs-scale photoinjection.

Zimin Dmitry A DA Karpowicz Nicholas N Qasim Muhammad M Weidman Matthew M Krausz Ferenc F Yakovlev Vladislav S VS

Nature 20230524 7964

Photoinjection of charge carriers profoundly changes the properties of a solid. This manipulation enables ultrafast measurements, such as electric-field sampling1,2, advanced recently to petahertz frequencies3-7, and the real-time study of many-body physics8-13. Nonlinear photoexcitation by a few-cycle laser pulse can be confined to its strongest half-cycle14-16. Describing the associated subcycle optical response, vital for attosecond-scale optoelectr ...[more]

PMID: 37225991

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Project description:BACKGROUND:The glial response in multiple sclerosis (MS), especially for recruitment and differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs), predicts the success of remyelination of MS plaques and return of function. As a central player in neuroinflammation, activation and polarization of microglia/macrophages (M/M) that modulate the inflammatory niche and cytokine components in demyelination lesions may impact the OPC response and progression of demyelination and remyelination. However, the dynamic behaviors of M/M and OPCs during demyelination and spontaneous remyelination are poorly understood, and the complex role of neuroinflammation in the demyelination-remyelination process is not well known. In this study, we utilized two focal demyelination models with different dynamic patterns of M/M to investigate the correlation between M/M polarization and the demyelination-remyelination process. METHODS:The temporal and spatial features of M/M activation/polarization and OPC response in two focal demyelination models induced by lysolecithin (LPC) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were examined in mice. Detailed discrimination of morphology, sensorimotor function, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), inflammation-relevant cytokines, and glial responses between these two models were analyzed at different phases. RESULTS:The results show that LPC and LPS induced distinctive temporal and spatial lesion patterns. LPS produced diffuse demyelination lesions, with a delayed peak of demyelination and functional decline compared to LPC. Oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and M/M were scattered throughout the LPS-induced demyelination lesions but were distributed in a layer-like pattern throughout the LPC-induced lesion. The specific M/M polarization was tightly correlated to the lesion pattern associated with balance beam function. CONCLUSIONS:This study elaborated on the spatial and temporal features of neuroinflammation mediators and glial response during the demyelination-remyelination processes in two focal demyelination models. Specific M/M polarization is highly correlated to the demyelination-remyelination process probably via modulations of the inflammatory niche, cytokine components, and OPC response. These findings not only provide a basis for understanding the complex and dynamic glial phenotypes and behaviors but also reveal potential targets to promote/inhibit certain M/M phenotypes at the appropriate time for efficient remyelination.

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Dynamic optical response of solids following 1-fs-scale photoinjection.

Publications

Dynamic optical response of solids following 1-fs-scale photoinjection.

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