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State policies increase vaccination by shaping social norms.

ABSTRACT: In a survey and four preregistered experiments, we examined if implementing a vaccine-promoting policy is likely to encourage vaccination by shaping the norms of a society. By combining state-level policy data with a longitudinal survey, we found that vaccine-supportive policies and laws are associated with more positive social norms. To establish a causal effect, we conducted four preregistered experiments to gauge the impact of policies, including the government recommendation for children to receive the COVID-19 vaccine and changes in funding for immunization programs. We find that vaccine-supportive policies strengthen the intention to receive an additional recommended COVID-19 booster shot and the intention to vaccinate children against COVID-19. We also find that these effects are mediated by the promotion of social norms supportive of vaccination. In this context, communicating about laws and policies in favor of vaccination may create a culture of vaccination and increase vaccination coverage.

SUBMITTER: Fayaz-Farkhad B

PROVIDER: S-EPMC10692068 | biostudies-literature | 2023 Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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State policies increase vaccination by shaping social norms.

Fayaz-Farkhad Bita B Jung Haesung H Calabrese Christopher C Albarracin Dolores D

Scientific reports 20231201 1

In a survey and four preregistered experiments, we examined if implementing a vaccine-promoting policy is likely to encourage vaccination by shaping the norms of a society. By combining state-level policy data with a longitudinal survey, we found that vaccine-supportive policies and laws are associated with more positive social norms. To establish a causal effect, we conducted four preregistered experiments to gauge the impact of policies, including the government recommendation for children to ...[more]

PMID: 38040774

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Project description:ImportanceState vaccination benefits coverage and access for adult Medicaid beneficiaries vary substantially. Multiple studies have documented lower vaccination uptake in publicly insured adults compared with privately insured adults.ObjectiveTo evaluate adult Medicaid beneficiaries' access to adult immunization services through review of vaccination benefits coverage in Medicaid programs across the 50 states and the District of Columbia.Design, setting, and participantsA public domain document review with supplemental semistructured telephone survey was conducted between June 1, 2018, and June 14, 2019, to evaluate vaccination services benefits in fee-for-service and managed care organization arrangements for adult Medicaid beneficiaries in the 50 states and the District of Columbia (total, 51 Medicaid programs).ExposuresDocument review of benefits coverage for adult immunization services and supplemental survey with validation of document review findings.Main outcomes and measuresBenefits coverage for adult Medicaid beneficiaries and reimbursement amounts for vaccine purchase and administration.ResultsPublic domain document review was completed for all 51 jurisdictions. Among these, 44 Medicaid programs (86%) validated document review findings and completed the survey. Only 22 Medicaid programs (43%) covered all 13 Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices-recommended adult immunizations under both fee-for-service and managed care organization arrangements. Most fee-for-service arrangements (37 of 49) reimbursed health care professionals using any of the 4 approved vaccine administration codes; however, 8 of 49 programs did not separately reimburse for vaccine administration to adult Medicaid beneficiaries. Depending on administration route, median reimbursement for adult vaccine administration ranged from $9.81 to $13.98 per dose. Median per-dose reimbursement for adult vaccine purchase was highest for 9-valent human papillomavirus vaccine ($204.87) and lowest for Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine ($18.09). Median reimbursement was below the private sector price for 7 of the 13 included vaccines.Conclusions and relevanceEven in programs with complete vaccination benefits coverage, reimbursement amounts to health care professionals for vaccine purchase and administration may not fully cover vaccination provision costs. Reimbursement amounts below costs may reduce incentives for health care professionals to vaccinate low-income adults and thereby limit Medicaid adult beneficiary access to vaccination.

Dataset Information

State policies increase vaccination by shaping social norms.

Publications

State policies increase vaccination by shaping social norms.

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