Primary Human M2 Macrophage Subtypes Are Distinguishable by Aqueous Metabolite Profiles.

ABSTRACT: The complexity of macrophage (MΦ) plasticity and polarization states, which include classically activated pro-inflammatory (M1) and alternatively activated anti-inflammatory (M2) MΦ phenotypes, is becoming increasingly appreciated. Within the M2 MΦ polarization state, M2a, M2b, M2c, and M2d MΦ subcategories have been defined based on their expression of specific cell surface receptors, secreted cytokines, and specialized immune effector functions. The importance of immunometabolic networks in mediating the function and regulation of MΦ immune responses is also being increasingly recognized, although the exact mechanisms and extent of metabolic modulation of MΦ subtype phenotypes and functions remain incompletely understood. In this study, proton (¹H) nuclear magnetic resonance (

SUBMITTER: Fuchs AL 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC10889249 | biostudies-literature | 2024 Feb

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature